Download Organic Compounds

Bio-Chemistry Basics
• Cells are complex chemical factories
What Makes Up Everything?
• Everything in you and around you is made
up of Elements (atoms)
• Living things are made up (mostly) of
CARBON, HYDROGEN, OXYGEN,
NITROGEN and PHOSPHOROUS
– Remember PONCH
– Mostly, CHON
Elements….(ATOMS)
The Principle…
• Matter can not be created or destroyed
• Matter can only change forms
• So, how does the Oxygen we breathe in
end up changing into Carbon Dioxide?
• How does the Carbon Dioxide we breathe
out end up in the Glucose we need?
– Chemical Bonds Change…
Bill Nye - Atoms
Organization of Living Things
Atoms become Molecules…
• A molecule is formed when two or more
atoms join together through chemical
bonding
– Molecules can be made of the same element:
A molecule of oxygen = O2
– Molecules can be made of different elements:
A molecule of water = H2O
• Chemical Bonds are made and destroyed
all of the time!
– Synthesis and Digestion (Remember: LYS)
This is how it goes….
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
A group of Atoms
Make up Molecules
Make up Macromolecules
Make up Organelles
Make up Cells
Make up Tissues
Make up Organs
Make up Organ Systems
Make up Organisms!
Molecules make up cells…
Which make up living things!
What would
this level be?
(A group of
cells working
together…)
Atoms make up
Molecules
which make up
Cells
Metabolic Reactions
• There are many different
Metabolic Reactions that occur in
your body
Metabolism is the sum total (all)
of the chemical activities that go
on in your body
Metabolic Reactions Cont’d
• Your body can join two sugars together
by removing a water (H2O) molecule
– This is called dehydration synthesis
(because you REMOVE water to BUILD a
bond)
• This reaction can be reversed and the
sugars separated by adding water
(H2O) to break the bond
– This is called hydrolysis (because you
DESTROY a bond by adding water)
• “LYS” = destroy!
Dehydration Synthesis of Sucrose
Remove
Water to
Form a
Bond!
Hydrolysis of Sucrose
Water is added to
break the bond!
Which is This?
And This?
• How can you tell?
Dehydration Synthesis and
Hydrolysis Occur ALL the Time in
Your Body!
• Let’s review the vocabulary words:
– Metabolism
• All the chemical reactions that happen in an
organism
– Dehydration (De: Remove
Hydr: Water)
• So, remove water!
– Synthesis
• Build/create something more complex
– Hydrolysis (Hydr: Water
Lys: Destroy)
• Use water to break/destroy something
Dehydration Synthesis and
Hydrolysis Occur ALL the Time
in Your Body!
• Enzymes are responsible for ALL chemical
reactions!
– They lower the “activation energy” of the
reaction
• Enzymes help to build complex molecules
• As well as break them down
– “Digest” them!
Metabolic Reactions
• In our body... and in every cell, compounds
are built up and broken down by enzymes
• Enzymes assist the process of making and
breaking bonds
– Enzymes are proteins which control the rate
of specific chemical reactions
– Enzymes only work on one specific reaction
• The lock and key model
We will learn more about this
later…
Let's Go Back A Bit...
• Living Organisms are mostly made up
from the elements: C, H, O, N
• Carbon is the MOST important of these
elements!
• Carbon is super cool because it kinda
looks like this:
Carbon
• Matter can not be created nor destroyed...
• Matter can only be changed...
• Which means the bonds that hold the
elements together can (and do) change!
• And, Carbon is especially good at
changing because it can make 4 bonds at
one time!
– Carbon can hook up with one type of element
or 4 different elements to make something
different!
Carbon, Cont'd...
• Carbon can form long chains:
• Or, Carbon can fold back on itself to make
a “ring” like this:
Each “C” has
4 bonds!
What’s Important about
Carbon?
• Carbon is the base of the main food
source for all living organisms!
GLUCOSE
And WHERE does this
process occur?
(In which organelle???)
SUGAR!
• Fructose and Ribose are
5-carbon rings
Glucose is a 6-carbon ring
Hint…. YOU NEED
TO KNOW THESE
SHAPES!!!!
Carbs have a
“geometric shape”
at their center!
What else is in the cell?
• Other than water and organelles, what
else is in the cell?
• Organic molecules
– Large, complex molecules
• Macromolecules
The small subunits are called monomers
• Many monomers bonded together makes a
polymer
1+1+1+1+1+1+1+…..=11111
Monomers (MONO=One)
Polymer (POLY=Many)
Organic Vs. Inorganic
• Organic Molecules contain at least one
Carbon atom and one Hydrogen atom
together!
– C + H = organic!
• Inorganic do not have both C + H together
– Inorganic molecules can have one or the
other (or neither), but once Carbon and
Hydrogen are together… the molecule is
Organic!
– Is Water (H2O) organic or inorganic?
– Carbon Dioxide (CO2)?
– Glucose (C6H12O6)?
Four Basic Types of Complex
Organic Molecules
(aka Macromolecules)
–Carbohydrates (sugars and starches)
–Lipids (fats)
–Proteins
–Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)
Carbohydrates
• Sugars and starches
– “Saccharides”
• “Carbohydrate” means a
“hydrated carbon”
– Every carbon has a water
attached
• Carbohydrate rings are made of
5 or 6 carbon sugars rings
– Simple sugars
• Carbs are used for energy
production and for structure
This is Glucose
C6H12O6
Sugars (aka saccharides)
• Simple sugars, like glucose, are a single
carbon ring
• Glucose is the organic food molecule used
by ALL living things
– Inorganic molecules are converted to organic
glucose through photosynthesis
– Glucose is used by EVERY organism to make
ATP (the energy molecule)
• Ribose and Deoxyribose sugars are part of
RNA and DNA
– They are 5 carbon sugars
Sugars
• Disaccharides are two simple sugars joined
together
– Most of the sweet things we eat are
disaccharides: table sugar is sucrose -> glucose
joined to fructose (fructose is the sugar found in
corn).
– Lactose, milk sugar, is a glucose joined to
another simple sugar called galactose.
– Maltose, malt sugar, is what yeast converts to
ethanol when beer is brewed.
Notice anything about the
“ending” of the names of
sugars? They usually
end with the letters OSE
Complex Carbohydrates
• Are polysaccharides
(many sugars linked
together)
– STARCH
• Large Molecules
• Animals store excess
sugar as glycogen
• Plants store excess sugar
as cellulose
– We don’t have enzymes
that can digest these
polymers
• Think about corn kernels!
Lipids
• Lipids are the main
component of cell
membranes
– Also used for energy
storage
• 4 main types:
– fats (energy storage)
– phospholipids (cell
membranes)
– waxes (waterproofing)
– steroids (hormones)
Fats
• Triglycerides are the
main type of fat in
our bodies
• A triglyceride is
composed of 3 fatty
acids attached to a
molecule of glycerol
Phospholipids
• Phospholipids
make up cell
membranes
Steroids and Waxes
(Examples of Lipids)
• Steroids are hydrocarbons with
the carbon atoms arranged in a
set of 4 linked rings.
• Cholesterol is found naturally in
cell membranes. But, too much of
it in the blood can clog blood
vessels.
• Steroid hormones are made from
cholesterol.
• Waxes: waterproof coating on
plants and animals.
– Where do WE have wax?
Proteins
• The most important type
of macromolecule!
• Structure: collagen in skin,
keratin in hair, crystallin in
eyes
– Protein makes you – YOU!
• Enzymes: all metabolic
reactions -- building up,
rearranging, and breaking
down organic compounds -are done by enzymes
Amino Acids
• Amino Acids are the
subunits (monomers)
of proteins.
– Proteins are long
chains of amino acids
• There are 20 different
kinds of amino acids.
– Each one has a
different head (the “R
group”) attached to it
What’s it look like???
Protein Structure
• A protein is sometimes called a
polypeptide
– Special “Peptide Bonds” hold the
amino acids together in the chain
• After the ribosome makes the
polypeptide, they fold into a
shape which allows them to be
work correctly
• The proper shape is super
important for proteins
• Denaturation destroys the shape
of the protein
– Denaturation is caused by pH and/or
temperature
Nucleic Acids
• Nucleic acids store genetic
information in the cell.
• Two types of nucleic acid:
– RNA (ribonucleic acid)
– DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
• Each “nucleotide” has 3
parts: a sugar, a phosphate,
and a base.
– Nucleotides are the subunits
(monomers) of nucleic acids
What’s it look like??
DNA and RNA
• DNA uses 4 different bases:
-adenine (A)ALL
-thymine (T) THUGS
-cytosine (C) CARRY
-guanine (G) GUNS
• RNA consists of 4 bases also, but,
the thymine in DNA is replaced by
uracil in RNA:
-adenine (A)ALL
-uracil (U) UNDERACHIEVERS
-cytosine (C) CAN'T
-guanine (G) GRADUATE
DNA
• The order of the 4 bases in a chain of
DNA determines the genetic
information.
• DNA has 2 complementary chains
twisted into a double helix and held
together by hydrogen bonds.
• DNA is found in the nucleus of every
cell.
– And every single cell in your body has the
SAME DNA!
RNA
• RNA is a COPY of the DNA code
• RNA consists of a single chain (which
can pass through the nuclear
membrane to attach to a Ribosome)
– What does the Ribosome do?????
– Why do you think RNA can pass through the
nuclear membrane, but DNA can't?????