Download Chapter 16 Test Review 1. Which

Name:______________________________________________________________
Period:__________________
Chapter 16 Test Review
1. Which theory describes how we explain others' behavior as being due to internal dispositions or external
situations?
A) cognitive dissonance theory
B) reward theory
C) two-factor theory
D) attribution theory
2. Professor Washington's students did very poorly on the last exam. The tendency to make the fundamental
attribution error might lead her to conclude that the class did poorly because
A) the test was unfair.
B) not enough time was given for students to complete the test.
C) students were distracted by some social function on campus.
D) students were unmotivated.
3. How does our explanation of strangers' behavior differ from that of our own behavior?
A) We explain strangers' behavior in terms of informational influence and our own behavior in terms of
normative influence.
B) We explain strangers' behavior in terms of situational constraints and our own behavior in terms of
personality traits.
C) We explain strangers' behavior in terms of environmental influences and our own behavior in terms of
hereditary influences.
D) We explain strangers' behavior in terms of normative influence and our own behavior in terms of
informational influence.
E) We explain strangers' behavior in terms of personality traits and our own behavior in terms of situational
constraints.
4. Bart complied with his friends' request to join them in smashing decorative pumpkins early one Halloween
evening. Later that night he was surprised by his own failure to resist their pressures to throw eggs at passing
police cars. Bart's experience best illustrates the
A) bystander effect.
B) foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
C) fundamental attribution error.
D) frustration-aggression principle.
5. Attitudes are ________ that guide behavior.
A) norms and roles
B) superordinate goals
C) belief-based feelings
D) dispositional attributions
E) mirror-image perceptions
6. Luella publicly agrees with her seventh-grade classmates that parents should allow 13-year-olds to date. Later
that day, she writes in her diary that she actually believes parents should prohibit kids from dating until they
are at least 15 years old. Luella's public conformity to her classmates' opinion best illustrates the power of
A) deindividuation.
B) normative social influence.
C) the mere exposure effect.
D) informational social influence.
E) social facilitation.
7. Our attitudes are more likely to guide our actions when we
A) experience a sense of deindividuation.
B) feel incompetent or insecure.
C) can easily recall our attitudes.
D) are exposed to normative social influence.
E) have a rich fantasy life.
8. The discomfort we feel when two thoughts are inconsistent is called
A) cognitive dissonance.
B) implicit prejudice.
C) deindividuation.
D) social loafing.
E) the fundamental attribution error.
9. Professor Stewart wrote a very positive letter of recommendation for a student despite having doubts about
her competence. Which theory best explains why he subsequently began to develop more favorable attitudes
about the student's abilities?
A) cognitive dissonance theory
B) scapegoat theory
C) two-factor theory
D) equity theory
10. Magazine computer ads seldom feature endorsements from Hollywood stars or great athletes. Instead, they
offer detailed information for consumers to develop more positive opinions about the company's products.
This advertising strategy best illustrates
A) the reciprocity norm.
B) the central route to persuasion.
C) normative social influence.
D) deindividuation.
E) foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
11. Philip Zimbardo devised a simulated prison and randomly assigned college students to serve as prisoners or
guards. This experiment best illustrated the impact of
A) team membership on social loafing.
B) self-disclosure on conciliation.
C) frustration on aggression.
D) role-playing on attitudes.
E) groupthink on social conflict.
Page 2
12. If one student in a classroom begins to cough, others are likely to do the same. This best illustrates
A) deindividuation.
B) ingroup bias.
C) the mere exposure effect.
D) the bystander effect.
E) suggestibility.
13. Solomon Asch asked people to identify which of three comparison lines was identical to a standard line. His
research was designed to study
A) the mere exposure effect.
B) the fundamental attribution error.
C) social facilitation.
D) deindividuation.
E) conformity.
14. Conformity increased under which of the following conditions in Asch's studies of conformity?
A) The group had three or more people.
B) The group had high status.
C) Individuals were made to feel insecure.
D) All of these conditions increased conformity.
15. In his study of obedience, Stanley Milgram found that the majority of subjects
A) refused to shock the learner even once.
B) complied with the experiment until the “learner” first indicated pain.
C) complied with the experiment until the “learner” began screaming in agony.
D) complied with all the demands of the experiment.
16. Based on findings from Milgram's obedience studies, participants would be less likely to follow the
experimenter's orders when
A) they hear the “learner” cry out in pain.
B) they merely administer the test while someone else delivers the shocks.
C) the “learner” is an older person or mentions having some physical problem.
D) they see another subject disobey instructions.
17. Social loafing refers to the tendency for people to
A) perform a complex task more poorly when others are present.
B) exert less effort when they are pooling their efforts toward a common goal.
C) exert less effort when they are paid by the hour, not by the amount of work completed.
D) become more distracted from their tasks when working with friends than when working with strangers.
E) stop working once they have reached their goal.
18. Which of the following would most likely be subject to social facilitation?
A) proofreading a page for spelling errors
B) typing a letter with accuracy
C) playing a difficult piece on a musical instrument
D) running quickly around a track
Page 3
19. The phenomenon in which individuals lose their identity and relinquish normal restraints when they are part of
a group is called
A) groupthink.
B) cognitive dissonance.
C) empathy.
D) deindividuation.
20. Social facilitation refers to the tendency to
A) neglect critical thinking because of a strong desire for social harmony within a group.
B) perform well-learned tasks more effectively in the presence of others.
C) experience an increasing attraction to novel stimuli as they become more familiar.
D) lose self-restraint in group situations that foster anonymity.
E) comply with a large request if one has previously complied with a small request.
21. Bonnie pedals an exercise bike at her health club much faster when other patrons happen to be working out on
nearby equipment. This best illustrates
A) the bystander effect.
B) the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
C) social facilitation.
D) group polarization.
22. When a group of racially prejudiced high school students discussed racial issues, their attitudes became even
more prejudiced. This best illustrates
A) group polarization.
B) the bystander effect.
C) social facilitation.
D) deindividuation.
23. Group polarization refers to
A) the lack of critical thinking that results from a strong desire for harmony within a group.
B) a split within a group produced by striking differences of opinion among group members.
C) the tendency of individuals to exert more effort when working as part of a group.
D) the enhancement of a group's prevailing attitudes through group discussion.
E) the failure to give aid in an emergency situation observed by many onlookers.
24. Kelly, a Republican, and Carlos, a Democrat, both believe that members of their own political party are more
fair-minded and trustworthy than members of other parties. Their beliefs best illustrate
A) the two-factor theory.
B) the just-world phenomenon.
C) deindividuation.
D) ingroup bias.
25. Groupthink is fueled by a desire for
A) self-disclosure.
B) harmony.
C) minority influence.
D) cognitive dissonance.
Page 4
26. Prejudice is best defined as
A) an unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members.
B) a fearful suspicion of people one has never met.
C) the tendency to favor members of one's own group.
D) a perceived incompatibility of actions or goals.
E) the belief that victims of misfortune deserve their fate.
27. Alexis believes that all male athletes are self-centered and sexist. Her beliefs are an example of
A) in-group bias.
B) groupthink.
C) stereotypes.
D) the fundamental attribution error.
28. Refusing to hire qualified job applicants because of the color of their skin is to engage in
A) stereotyping.
B) deindividuation.
C) discrimination.
D) the fundamental attribution error.
E) confirmation bias.
29. Ever since their cabin lost the camp softball competition, the campers have become increasingly hostile toward
one camper in their cabin, blaming her for every problem in the cabin. This behavior is best explained in terms
of
A) the ingroup bias.
B) prejudice.
C) the scapegoat theory.
D) catharsis.
30. The belief that those who suffer deserve their fate is expressed in the
A) just-world phenomenon.
B) phenomenon of ingroup bias.
C) fundamental attribution error.
D) mirror-image perception principle.
31. When buying groceries, many shoppers prefer certain products simply because they have a familiar brand
name. This preference best illustrates the importance of
A) social traps.
B) the mere exposure effect.
C) mirror-image perceptions.
D) deindividuation.
32. After waiting in line for an hour to buy concert tickets, Teresa is told that the concert is sold out. In her anger
she pounds her fist on the ticket counter, frightening the clerk. Teresa's behavior is best explained by
A) evolutionary psychology.
B) deindividuation.
C) reward theory.
D) the frustration-aggression principle.
Page 5
33. Which of the following factors is the most powerful predictor of friendship?
A) similarity in age
B) common racial and religious background
C) similarity in physical attractiveness
D) physical proximity
34. People with more symmetrical faces are perceived as more
A) deindividuated.
B) sexually prejudiced.
C) sexually aggressive.
D) sexually attractive.
E) intelligent.
35. Ahmed and Monique are on a blind date. Which of the following will probably be most influential in
determining whether they like each other?
A) their personalities
B) their beliefs
C) their social skills
D) their physical attractiveness
36. An increased liking for an unfamiliar stimulus following repeated experience with it is known as
A) social facilitation.
B) companionate love.
C) the mere exposure effect.
D) the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
E) mirror-image perceptions.
37. The deep affection that is felt in long-lasting relationships is called ________ love; this feeling is fostered in
relationships in which________.
A) passionate; there is equity between the partners
B) passionate; traditional roles are maintained
C) companionate; there is equity between the partners
D) companionate; traditional roles are maintained
38. Altruism is best described as
A) exerting greater effort when working in the presence of others.
B) experiencing an increasing attraction to people as they become more familiar.
C) behaving unselfishly to enhance the welfare of others.
D) complying with a large request if one has previously complied with a small request.
E) acting as if the suffering of others doesn't bother us.
39. Darley and Latané observed that most university students failed to help a person having an epileptic seizure
when they thought there were four other witnesses to the emergency. The students' failure to help is best
explained in terms of
A) the ingroup bias.
B) a failure to interpret the incident as an emergency.
C) indifference and apathy.
D) their feelings of limited responsibility.
E) emergency preparedness.
Page 6
40. Increasing the number of people that are present during an emergency tends to
A) increase the likelihood that people will cooperate in rendering assistance.
B) decrease the empathy that people feel for the victim.
C) increase the role that social norms governing helping will play.
D) decrease the likelihood that anyone will help.
41. Which of the following strategies would be most likely to foster positive feelings between two conflicting
groups?
A) Take steps to reduce the likelihood of mirror-image perceptions.
B) Separate the groups so that tensions diminish.
C) Increase the amount of contact between the two conflicting groups.
D) Have the groups work on a superordinate goal.
42. Sherif planned a disruption of the water supply in a Boy Scout camp in order to observe how social
relationships are influenced by
A) ingroup bias.
B) social traps.
C) group polarization.
D) superordinate goals.
E) the mere exposure effect.
43. After a year-long drought, the city of Pine Bluffs has banned all lawn sprinkling. Many residents believe,
however, that continued watering of their own lawn will have little effect on total water reserves.
Consequently, there is a disastrous drain on city water reserves caused by widespread illegal sprinkling. This
incident best illustrates the dynamics of
A) ingroup bias.
B) social traps.
C) the fundamental attribution error.
D) the bystander effect.
E) the just-world phenomenon.
44. A situation in which the individual pursuit of self-interest leads to collective destruction is known as
A) a social trap.
B) the self-serving bias.
C) deindividuation.
D) groupthink.
E) ingroup bias.
45. Which of the following best describes how GRIT works?
A) The fact that two sides in a conflict have great respect for the other's strengths prevents further escalation
of the problem.
B) The two sides engage in a series of reciprocated conciliatory acts.
C) The two sides agree to have their differences settled by a neutral, third-party mediator.
D) The two sides engage in cooperation in those areas in which shared goals are possible.
Page 7