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PSYC 210, Spring 1995
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TF: Use A for true, B for false
1.
A phenomenon is something that happens, an event worth noticin&.
2.
Behaviorists usually study functional questions, whereas cognitivists
usually study structural questions.
3.
If every 200th peck produces food, a pigeon pecks less with one stimulus
present throughout than if different st-imuli accompany each block of 50
pecks.
4.
Your text promises you that learning will be defined in it.
5.
Responses are to stimuli as behavior is to environment.
6.
Releasers are to fixed action patterns as responses are to stimuli.
7.
Newly hatched Laughing Gull chicks aim their pecks as accurately at a
parent’s beak as two-day-old chicks.
8.
In Thorndike’s studies of cats in problem boxes, the cats gradually
improved at escaping from the box over successive trials.
9.
Clever Hans was a dog that learned to lift a gate-latch with its nose.
10.
Skinner trained a rat to press a lever when a light was on but not when It
was off (or vice versa).
11.
Conditions that produce stimulus
operations.
12.
Food is produced by a rat’s lever press. The food is
c. neither a nor b
a. a stimulus
d. both a and b
b. a consequence
13.
When we try to determine which visual features of its mother are important
to an infant, we are concerned with
c. response function
a. stimulus function
d. response structure
b. stimulus structure
14.
A problem with experiments on sensory deprivation is that
a. there isn’t much for the organism to do
b. the organism spends much of its time sleeping
c. it is difficult to eliminate all stimuli
d. all of the above
15.
Which animal seemed to have learned arithmetic?
c. Sultan the chimpanzee
a. Morgan’s dog
d. Thorndike’s horse
b. Clever Hans
control
are
called
establishing
QUIZ 1
PAGE 2
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16.
Which is not an example of an establishing operation?
a. it’s a hot day and you haven’t had anything to drink for a while
b. you see a soft-drink machine so now you need a coin
c. your coin in the vending machine produces a soft drink
d. after the drink, you suddenly crave a salted pretzel
17.
Skinner compared the rat’s discriminated lever press with
a. jumps in the Lashley jumping stand
b. the training of circus animals
c. reaching for a pencil in the light or in the dark
d. insight as shown by problem solving apes
18.
When we speak of the relative probabilities of different responses, we are
concerned with
a. response hierarchies
b. eliciting stimuli
c. behavioral function
d. experimental operations
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PSYC 210, Spring 1995
f
QUIZ 2
TF : Use A for true, B for false
1.
Behaviorista deny the existence of thinking.
2.
In Thorndike’s studies of cats in problem boxes, the cats abruptly learned
to escape from the box.
3.
Natural selection is a theory that deals with the facts of evolution.
4.
Multicellular organisms have existed for most of the history of life on
earth.
5.
The genes are more like blueprints than like recipes for an organism.
6.
Ontogeny is the development of the individual organism whereas phylogeny
is its evolutionary history.
7.
Spalding found that chicks who were kept from seeing in the first few days
after hatching could not cope with the visual world.
8.
In a reflex, the energy for the response is released by the eliciting
stimulus but originates within the organism.
9.
The concept of the reflex can be attributed in part to Descartes’
familiarity with the Hampton Court maze.
10.
The expression p(M/N) can be read as probability of N given M.
11.
Drinking can occur as adjunctive behavior, but running cannot.
12.
The age of the earth is roughly
c. 4.5 million years
a. 4,500 years
b. 45,000 years
d. 4.5 billion years
13.
Which of the following is not consistent with accounts in terms of natur4:
selection
a. the disappearance of legs in ancestors of the whale
b. the evolution of long necks in environments with tall trees
c. the evolution of a third eye in the middle of our foreheads
d. organized complexity, as in the mimicry of a stick insect
14.
A response occurs whether or not stimuli have been presented.
response is
c. extinguished
a. elicited
d. unconditioned
b. emitted
15.
Which is most appropriate for describing a reflex? Response probabllitv
is
a. the same in the presence of the stimulus as in its absence
b. low when the stimulus is presented but otherwise high
c. always high whether or not the stimulus is presented
d. high when the stimulus is presented but otherwise low
The
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QUIZ 2
PAGE 2
16.
Behavior in which one response reliably accompanies another is
a. reflexive
b. operant
c. adjunctive
d. superstitious
17.
The Law of Exercise states that
a. responses are stamped in by their consequences
b. elicitation makes responses more likely even when eliciting stimuli are
absent
c. repeated elicitation cause habituation of elicited responding
d. learning occurs in the muscles
18.
The term reflex is
a. an explanation of behavior
b. a theory about behavior
c. a name for a behavioral relation
d. a name for autonomic responses
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PSYC 210, Spring 1995
QUIZ 3
TF : Use A for true, B for false
1.
Cognitivists usually study functional questions, whereas behaviorists
usually study structural questions.
2.
Consequences for behavior already exist in natural environments.
3.
The concept of the reflex can be attributed in part to Descartes’
familiarity with statues in French gardens.
4.
On approaching the goalbox rats slowdown; probably because rats who don’t
are likely to bump into the goalbox wall.
5.
It is inappropriate to say that a response rather than an organism is
reinforced.
6.
The view that extinction involved an active inhibition of responding was
based on such effects as spontaneous recovery and the rapid reacquisition
of responding when reinforcement was reinstated.
7.
Eye movements cannot be reinforced.
8.
In Stratton’s experiment with inverting prisms, Stratton was unable to
learn to look up to see the floor.
9.
Reinforcement changes the relative probabilities of the responses in which
an organism may engage.
These re~ative probabilities are most closely
related to the concept of
a. response hierarchies
b. behavioral operations
c. elicitation
d. the law of ● xercise
10.
A pigeon receives food when it pecks a key, but not when it does not peck
the key. In this case, keypecking
has no effect on the likelihood of food
;: increases the likelihood of food
c. decreases the likelihood of food
d. is elicited by food
11.
we
a.
b.
c.
d.
12.
Re-acquisition of responding after extinction is faster than initial
acquisition because
a. responding is released from inhibition
b. responding shows spontaneous recovery
c. the organism does not have to relearn the entire sequence
d. the side effects of extinction are eliminated by reinforcement
typically speak of positive reinforcement when a response
produces a stimulus, and responding increases
removes a stimulus, arid responding increases
produces a stimulus, and responding decreases
removes a stimulus, and responding decreases
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PAGE 2
QUIZ 3
13.
Of three responses P, D and Q, response P is the most probable and “
response Q is the least probable. Under these circumstances
a. opportunities to P will reinforce D
b. opportunities to D will reinforce Q
c. neither a nor b
d. both a and b
14.
A response-stimulus contingency is the effect of a response on
c. reinforcer delay
a. stimulus magnitude
d. stimulus probability
b. environmental structure
15.
Extinction after positive reinforcement involves terminating
a. reinforcer deliveries
b. a response-stimulus contingency
c. both a and b
d. neither a nor b
16.
The consequences of responding
a. produce learning
b. are what is learned
c. are absent in latent learning
d. produce superstition
17.
Which does not illustrate the role of sensory consequences of respondlnga. visual-motor coordination in kittens
b. wearing inverting prisms
c. curiosity or exploratory behavior
d. potentiation and habituation of the wiping response of frogs
18.
In Held and Hein’s experiment, the sensory-motor coordination of the
active kitten was superior to that of the passive one because
a. the passive but not the active kitten was restrained
b. the passive but not the active kitten was stimulus-deprived
c. stimuli were the same for both kittens but contingencies were different
d. contingencies were the same for both kittens but stimuli were different
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PSYC 210, Spring 1995
TF : Use A for true, B for false
called establishing
1.
Conditions that affect drive or motivation are
“,
operations.
2.
Historically, a major argument for the ineffectiveness of punishment was
that responding recovered after punishment was discontinued.
3.
Gradually introducing punishment reduces responding more effectively than
abruptly introducing punishment.
4.
Lever presses produce shock, and jumping decreases.
punishment.
5.
Elicited responding is more likelyto interfere with negatively reinforced
responding in escape than in avoidance.
6.
It
a.
b.
c.
d.
7.
We arrange a situation in which a response produces a stimulus, and the
response occurs less often. We call this
c. positive punishment
a. extinction
d. negative reinforcement
b. negative punishment
8.
Positive reinforcement and positive punishment both
a. produce increases in behavior
b. involve a reinforcing stimulus, presented in one case, withdrawn in the
other
c. have to be superimposed upon high baseline response rates
d. ordinarily have temporary effects
9.
A problem with punishment is that
a. it can be studied only with responses that have some appreciable
frequency
b. its effects are not permanent
c. punishers affect behavior even when not response consequences
d. all of the above
10.
This illustrates
has been argued that punishment is ineffective because
stimuli that ou~ht to punish sometimes fail to reduce responding
responding recovers after punishment is discontinued
both a and b
neither a nor b
A punisher till be less effective if it is
a.”delayed than if it Is immediate
b. introduced gradually rather than abruptly
c. both a and b
d. neither a nor b
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QUIZ 4
11.
If food elicits tail-wagging and shock elicits jumping in a dog, which
procedure is least likely to be effective?
a. using food to reinforce tail-wagging
b. using shock to punish jumping
c. using jumping as a response in shock avoidance
d. none of the above; all procedures will be equally ● ffective
12.
Studies of negative reinforcement have been devoted more to avoidance than
to escape, probably because escape procedures
a. superimpose reinforcement upon high baseline rates
b. produce irreversible effects on responding
c. elicit responses interfering with responses to be reinforced
d. all of the above
13.
Positive reinforcement is to negative reinforcement as
a. increase in responding is to decrease in responding
b. stimulus presentation is to stimulus removal
c. permanent effects are to temporary effects
d. aversive stimulus is to appetitive stimulus
14.
Which might be effective as negative punishment?
a. a businessman discontinues the salaries of striking workers
b. the strikers post protest signs around the businessman’s office
c. photograph negatives are used to blackmail the businessman
d. the businessman avoids publicity by leaving the country
15.
The strongest argument against parental use of punishment is that
a. punishment is ineffective in reducing responding
b. the parent may become aversive to and avoided by the child
c. punishment is never ethical, even if used to reduce life-threatening
behavior
d. escape and avoidance are preferable to punishment
16.
Stimulus termination is to stimulus prevention as
a. negative reinforcement is to positive punishment
b. discriminated avoidance is to simple avoidance
c. omission training is to negative punishment
d. escape is to avoidance
17.
A difficulty ulth negative-reinforcement procedures is that
a. elicited responses may interfere with reinforced responding
b. they must be superimposed upon high baseline response rates
c. reinforced responses inhibit those elicited by the aversive stimulus
d. their effects are irreversible
18.
A rat in a cold chamber turns on a heat lamp by pressing a lever.
argument for calling this negative reinforcement is that
a. cold elicits responses that compete with lever pressing
b. the heat lamp adds energy to the rat’s environment
c. producing heat is a species-specific defense reaction in rats
d. the rat’s lever pressing decreases under such conditions
The
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PSYC 210, Spring 1995
QUIZ 5
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TF : Use A for true, B for false
1.
Responses are to stimuli as environment is to behavior.
2.
All shaping involves differential reinforcement.
3.
Differential reinforcement does not guarantee that responding will fall
within the boundaries specified by the’ reinforcement contingencies.
4.
Response novelty can be differentially reinforced.
5.
The term differentiation refers to
a. sharpening of effects of reinforcement with respect to response
properties
b. sharpening of effects of reinforcement with respect to stimulus
properties
c. spread of effects of reinforcement with respect to response properties
d. spread of effects of reinforcement with respect to stimulus properties
6.
The ease with which responses cm be shaped depends on
c. both a and b
a. the variability of behavior
d. neither a nor b
b. level of activity
7.
To generate rapid responding, one should use which schedule?
d. DRP
c. DRO
a. DRH
b. DRL
8.
The concentration of the effects of reinforcement with respect to response
properties is called
c. sensitization
a. differentiation
d. discrimination
b. induction
9.
You are in a contest to see who can most quickly shape some property of
Everything else being equal, if you could choose an or~anlss
responding.
that would give you the best chance of winning, you might best select the
organism that has already shown
a. most induction
b. least resistance to extinction
c. least induction
d. most rapid satiation
10.
To
a.
b.
c.
d.
define an operant class, we must know the effect
of responses in the class on the environment
of differential reinforcement on behavior
neither a nor b
both a and b
11.
Which is most likely in the same operant class as walking to a eovle
theater?
c. running a marathon
a. walking to a grocery store
d. watching television
b. driving to a movie theater
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PAGE 2
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QUIZ 5
12.
An experiment on whether an organism can learn a double-alternation
problem is concerned with
a. discriminating one’s own behavior
b. simultaneous discrimination
c. latent learning
d. response hierarchies
13.
Operants are defined by
a. intuition
b. topography
c. consequences
d. arbitrary decisions
14.
Which statement is false?
a. some response sequences are chains
b. all chains are response sequences
c. some response sequences are not chains
d. no response sequences are chains
15.
In
a.
b.
c.
d.
16.
A parent tries to stop a child from crying by spanking the child, but the
child keeps crying anyway. We might conclude that
a. punishing effects of the spanking are greater than its eliciting
effects
b. the spanking does not have eliciting effects
c. eliciting effects of the spanking are greater than its punishing
effects
d. the spanking produces spontaneous recovery
17.
Higher-order classes are held together by
a. topography
b. common consequences
c. responses
d. motor programs
18.
A problem with differential reinforcement of variabilityor novel behavior
is
a. variability and novelty cannot be properties of individual responses
b. such differential reinforcement has never been demonstrated
c. variability is incompatible with novelty
d. the criteria for differential reinforcement cannot be described
a behavior chain, responses at one point in the chain
reinforce responses that came earlier
are discriminative stimuli for responses that come later
both a and b
neither a nor b
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PSYC 210, Spring 1995
QUIZ 6
TF: Use A for true, B for false
1.
When a coin becomes important because you need it for a pay. phone.
this is
.
an example of an establishing operation.
2.
In the evolution of behavior, motor systems probably came after sensory
ones.
3.
If a rat can attend to stimuli outside the maze, it is more likely to show
place-learning than response-learning.
4.
Responses are to stimuli as fade is to shape.
5.
Errorless discrimination learning is least likely with early and gradual
introduction of the extinction stimulus.
6.
Sharpening of reinforcement effects is to spread of reinforcement effects
as
a. discrimination is to generalization
b. differentiation is to induction
c. neither a nor b
d. both a and b
7.
A rat’s lever presses between 10 and 20 grams are reinforced. Some lever
pressing nevertheless occurs with forces of less than 10 or more than 20
grams. Such lever pressing would be attributed to
a. induction
b. discrimination
c. differentiation
d. generalization
8.
Discrimination is to differentiation as
a. generalization is to induction
b. stimuli are to responses
c. neither a nor b
d. both a and b
9.
Later, with
A pigeon responds to red circles but not green squares.
This
colors alone and forms alone, the pigeon responds only to red.
stimulus-control experiment is concerned with
a. oddity learning
b. conditional discrimination
.c. concept formation
d. attention
10.
Salience is
a. a physical property of stimuli
b. defined by an organism’s attention to a stimulus
c. reduced by attention to the stimulus
d. the opposite of vividness
. . .
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PAGE 2
QUIZ 6
.
11.
Among the findings that contributed to the controversy over place-learning
versus response-learning was that
a. rats could learn mazes without food reinforcement
b. rats made systematic choiceh while learning a maze
c. rats could use new shortcuts in mazes when old familiar paths were
blocked
d. rats looked both ways before turning at a choice-point
e. traffic-safety behavior had evolved in domesticated city rats
12.
First, a pigeon’s key pecks are reinforced in the presence of vertical
lines. Then, with reinforcement discontinued, its rate of pecking is
This
observed in the presence of lines at different orientations.
experiment is about
a. generalization gradients
b. concept formation
c. inhibitory stimulus control
d. matching-to-sample
13.
Response is to stimulus as shaping is to
a. concept
b. discrimination
c. fading
d. generalization
14.
Re$pons@ is to shape as stimulus is to
a. fade
c. operant
b. reflex
d. elicit
15.
The topic of cognitive maps is concerned with
a. how organisms can locate an area even if approaching from a new
direction
b. how organisms who store food over winter can find it in the spring
c. how organisms return to nesting areas
d. all of the above
16.
A monkey receives food when it chooses the correct item from a pair. lt
learns the first problem slowly, but as new pairs are presented In
successive problems, it masters each new one more and more rapidly. This
is an example of
a. latent learning
c. successive discrimination
b. learning set
d. matching-to-sample
17.
Which does not define an equivalence class?
a. conditionality
b. reflexivity
c. symmetry
d. transitivity
18.
Learned helplessness studies suggest response-independent stimuli
a. maintain superstitious responding
b. produce adaptation
c. interfere with later learning of response consequences
d. have no effect on later responding
,.
PSYC 210, Spring 1995
QUIZ 7
:
TF: Use A for true, B for false
1.
In cumulative records, response rate is shown by the steepness or slope of
the record.
2.
Responses are to stimuli as generalization is to induction.
3.
In VI? schedules, the longer the organism waits the more likely it is that
the next response will be reinforced.
4.
Extinction after FR reinforcement typically consists of continuous
responding with gradual decreases in rate.
5,
In concurrent performances, increases in the reinforcement of one response
reduce the rate of other responses.
Use the following schedule names to answer the items below:
a. FI
b. FR
c. VI
d. VR
e. DRL
Identify the schedule that arranges a reinforcer for:
6.
7.
8.
the last of a constant number of responses
a response if a minimum time has elapsed since the last response
a response if a random time has elapsed since some event
9.
If seeing that a lecture period has ended is a reinforcer, then looking at
one’s watch is reinforced according to which schedule?
c. FI
d. none of the above
a. DRL
b. DRH
10.
You operate a switch whenever you want the rat’s next lever press to
produce food. You have to know how many responses had been emitted since
the last reinforcer to arrange which schedule?
d. LH
c. FI
a. VR
b. DRL
11.
You operate a switch whenever you want the rat’s next lever press ta
produce food. You have to know how much time had elapsed since the last
reinforcer to arrange which schedule?
d. none of the above
c. FR
b. DRL
a. VI
12.
You schedule reinforcers by operating a switch whenever you want the
To arrange an FI schedule you
pigeon’s next key-peck to produce food.
operate the switch on the basis of
a. pecks since last response
b. pecks since last reinforcer
c. time since last response
d. time since last reinforcer
.
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QUIZ 7
PAGE 2
1
13.
In
a.
b.
c.
d.
VI schedules, reinforcement probability
increases with the number of responses emitted
is independent of IRT
is proportional to rate of responding
increases with time since the last response
14.
A pigeon’s pecks have been reinforced during both green and red.
When
reinforcement is continued during green but not during red, response rate
will
. decrease during both stimuli
:. remain constant during green and decrease during red
c. increase during green and decrease during red
d. increase during green and remain constant during red
15.
Studies of how the stimuli in chained schedules become conditioned
reinforcers show that
a. early stimuli become the most effective
b. late stimuli become the most effective
c. all stimuli become equally effective
d. none of the stimuli become effective
16.
In
a.
b.
c.
d.
17.
Which
a. it
b. it
c. it
d. it
18.
Two schedules operate at the same time, each for a different response.
This combination of schedules is referred to as
d. tandem
b. concurrent
c. multiple
a. alternative
experiments on self-control, the opposite of commitment is
freedom
indecision
maximizing
impulsiveness
is not true of pigeons’ free-choice preference?
is learned
is a case of behavior synthesis
does not depend on terminal-link performance
can be masked temporarily by punishment
..
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QUIZ 8
PSYC 210, Spring 1995
,
TF : Use A for true, B for false
1.
In Pavlov”a procedures, the dog got food only if it salivated.
2.
In Pavlov’s experiments, meat powder was the conditional stimulus.
3.
In the Watson and Rayner conditioned-fear experiment with Little Albert,
the US was the loud noise made by banging a metal bar behind Little
Albert’s head.
4.
Respondent conditioning is simply the substitution of one stimulus for
another as an eliciting stimulus.
5.
A stimulus reliably not followed by a US can inhibit responding elicited
by a CS.
6.
Drug addicts are at lower risk of overdose when taking a drug in familiar
settings with familiar company.
7.
A preaversive stimulus always reduces reinforced operant behavior.
8.
Effects of preaversive stimuli on responding maintained by fOOd
reinforcement do not depend on the reinforcement schedule.
9.
Operant” behavior is
a. elicited
b. illicited
c. emitted
d. omitted
10.
A response
is reinforced If either of two schedule contingencies is
satisfied. This arrangement of schedules is called
a. conjunctive
b. interlocking
c. concurrent
d. alternative
11.
In respondent conditioning, when a bell elicits salivation after
consistently preceding food in the mouth, the bell is called the
a. conditional stimulus
b. unconditional stimulus
c. conditional response
d. unconditional response
12.
Food is presented to a hungry dog; 5 aec later, a tone is sounded. This
is
a. delay conditioning
b. sensory preconditioning
c. simultaneous conditioning
d. backward conditioning
13.
A tone is sounded for 30 see; then food is presented for 5 sec. This type
of conditioning is
d. trace
c. simultaneous
a. delay
b. temporal
.
.
. .
QUIZ 8
PAGE 2
1
14.
Which is the least effective procedure?
c. trace conditioning
a. backward conditioning
d. temporal conditioning
b. delayed conditioning
15.
Which is not true about respondent conditioning that occurs with use of
heroin and other opiates?
a. overdoses are less likely with ritualized drug use in familiar settings
b. CRS to these drugs are compensatory responses
c. CRS to these drugs Include lowered pain thresholds
d. CRS to these drugs include release of insulin and decreases in blood
sugar
16.
conditioning will not be successful?
Which kind of respondent
Conditioning of
a. release of insulin by the taste of soft drinks
b. changes in metabolism preceding entry into warmed or cooled rooms
c. pupillary constriction by stimuli that precede light to the ● ye
d. knee jerk by stimuli that precede taps on the patellar tendon
17.
Later, tone is
First, light is consistently followed by food.
consistently followed by the light. This is an example of
a. second-order conditioning
b. conditioned reinforcement
c. latent learning
d. sensory preconditioning
18.
Which procedure would you use to study sensory preconditioning?
a. light is followed by food; then tone is followed by light
b. tone is followed by light; then light is followed by food
c. lever presses produce light; then light is followed by food
d. light is followed by food; then lever presses produce light
I
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PSYC 210, Spring 1995
QUIZ 9
.
TF : Use A for true, B for false
1.
Coordinated wing-flapping is a product of a bird’s flight experience.
2.
A phenomenon is something that happens, an event worth noticing.
3.
Rhesus monkeys spontaneously acquire snake fear as they mature.
4.
Operant behavior is to response-stimulus contingencies as respondent
behavior is to stimulus-stimulus contingencies.
5.
While one is transcribing, one can also respond verbally to the copied
text in other ways.
6.
We can speak of tatting even if the verbal response occurs some time after
the tatted event.
7.
We can call copying transcription only if the copy is in the same form as
the original (e.g;, printed letters to printed letters, or script to
script).
Use the following list to answer the items below.
a.
b.
c.
d.
mand
tact
intraverbal
none of the above
Indicate the name most appropriate to each of the followlng.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
taking dictation
reciting a poem from memory
saying what color a traffic light is
asking a question
reciting the alphabet
reading a poem aloud
ordering food at a snack bar
15.
When a few galloping steers set off a stampede, this illustrates
a. generalized Imitation
b. vicarious learning
c. social facilitation
d. observational learning
16.
As social behavior, the moat fundamental function of human verbal behavior
and the probable basis of its evolutionary origins is
a. communicating ideas and feelings
b. getting other individuals to do something
c. creating bonds between parents and children
d. protecting the group from intrusions by outsiders
.
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QUIZ 9
PAGE 2
.
17.
Which illustrates textual behavior?
a. reading the word aloud when a sign says STOP
b. stopping when a sign says STOP
c. both a and b
d. neither a nor b
18.
Which is least likely to be autoclitic?
a. a cry For help
b. the word “not”
c. the tense of a sentence
d. the phrase “I am sure that . ...”
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PSYC 210, Spring 1995
QUIZ 10
TF: Use A for true, B for false
1.
Syntax deals with meaning whereas semantics deals with the structural
properties of sentences.
2.
To classify constituents of a sentence,
structure.
3.
To classify constituents of a sentence, we never have to know the
conditions under which the sentence was uttered.
4.
An ambiguous sentence has two or more possible deep structures.
5.
Adults can ignore metaphor, but children cannot.
we do not have to know its
Use the following list to answer the items below.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
serial learning
paired associates learning
free recall
verbal discrimination
verbal recognition
You have just driven down a highway. The exit signs include both an exit number
and the name of the nearest city or town. Indicate by letter which procedurr
corresponds most closely to each of the following (each is used at least once).
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Given a town name, saying whether there was an exit for it on the highway
Naming the cities and towns in the order that you passed them
Given a name, saying whether it is a city or a town
Naming as many cities and towns on the highway as you can, in any order
Given an exit number, naming the nearest city or town
Naming the exit numbers in the order that you passed them
This response is
b. a tact
d. a mand
12.
A child asks for a glass of water.
a. echoic behavior
b. intraverbal behavior
13.
Sequential structure in language has been studied by examining
a. time taken to judge whether a sentence is true
b. recall of different orders of approximation to English text
c. time taken to match active-voice to passive-voice sentences
d. where listeners hear clicks presented during spoken sentences
14.
At which place in the sentence 1S the
Learners recall sentences.
probability of an error greatest?
a. within noun phrases
b. within verb phrases
c. at the end of the sentences
d. at transitions between noun and verb phrases
,.
‘.
.
QUIZ 10
PAGE 2
15.
The serial-position curve shows
a. the order of presentation of items
b. percent correct as a function of position in a list
c. recognition errors as a function of recall errors
d. amount of clustering
16.
A student at a medical examination is asked to list the foods eaten for
breakfast. This performance is best described as
c. cereal learning
a. free recall
d. recognition
b. serial learning
17.
The transition from fixed sequences of courses to electives and other
flexible options in the university curriculum was probably most influenced
by
a. Thorndike’s studies of transfer of training
b. research on massed versus spaced practice
c. Ebbinghaus’s experiments with nonsense syllables
d. experimental colleges that randomly assigned students to different
disciplines
18.
On the first day of a trial, a witness is asked to name all those present
at the scene of a crime. On the next, the witness is shown several people
Although this
and is asked to point to those who were at the scene.
the
witness’s
performance
can best be
example involves nonverbal stimuli,
described as
a. recall on both days
b. recognition on both days
c. recall on the first day and recognition on the second day
d. recognition on the first day and recall on the second day
.
,,.
#
PSYC 210, Spring 1995
QUIZ 11
TF : Use A for true, B for false
1.
In serial learning, the end of a list is more easily learned than the
middle of a list.
2.
As list length increases, learning time per item increases.
3.
Massed practice
practice.
4.
A general problem with human paired-associates learning is that the human
learner typically learns more about the list of items than which is paired
with which.
5.
In paired-associates learning, associations cannot be learned on a single
trial.
6.
The probabilityof recall of an item is less affected by the delay than by
the number of other items intervening between presentation and recall.
7.
The study of iconic memory is concerned with the persisting sensory
effects of visual stimuli.
8.
The span of immediate memory typically ranges from about 5 to about 9
items.
9.
Memory for the shapes of ambiguous figures is unaffected by the names that
are given to those figures.
is more effective for verbal learning than spaced
10.
Dictation-taking and reading words aloud differ mainly in
c. both a and b
a. type of response
d. neither a nor b
b. discriminative stimuli
11.
Performance in verbal learning experiments is usually
a. established by instructions
b. maintained by giving feedback or knowledge of results
c. both a and b
d. neither a nor b
12.
In the language of verbal behavior, serial learning iS
c. textual behavior
a. echoic behavior
d. intraverbal behavior
b. tact behavior
13.
When recall is delayed, the serial-position curve becomes
c. lower in the middle
a. more u-shaped
d. lower at the end
b. lower at the beginning
14.
Which verbal forms do not illustrate deixis?
a. personal pronouns
b. plurals
c. here versus there
d. past, present and future tense
PAGE 2
QUIZ 11
15.
Simonides’ reconstruction of the locations of the guests at a banquet
after the building had collapsed and killed the occupants is believed to
be the inspiration for later research on
a. place-versus-response learning ‘
b. mnemonic strategies
c. incidental learning
d. the concept of the reflex
16.
After an item is presented, a learner counts backward by threes until
instructed to recall the item. This is most likely an experiment on
c. long-term memory
a. iconic memory
d. autobiographical memory
b. short-term memory
17.
A distinctive item in a list is remembered even though it is in the middle
of the list. This is called
a. the Zeigarnik effect
b. Jest’s Law
c. the von Restorff effect
d. the Ebbinghaus phenomenon
18.
Encoding occurs during
a. storage
b. retention
c. retrieval
d. all of the above
.
.
*’
,.
r
FINAL
PSYC 210, Spring 1995
8
TF: Use A for true, B for false
1.
Your text warns you that we will be unable to define learning.
2.
We cannot study learning until we have understood its physiological basis.
3.
Responses are to stimuli as environment is to behavior.
4.
The plural of stimuli is stimulus.
5.
The behavioral
consequences.
6.
There is no such thing as behavior without movement.
7.
In Thorndike’s studies of cats in problem boxes, the cats abruptly learned
to escape from the box.
abbreviation
ABC stands
for
antecedents-behavior–
Use this list to answer the items below (each name is used once):
a. K6hler
b. Pavlov
c. Skinner
d. Thorndike
e. Tinbergen
In illustrations of the basic behavioral operations, which researcher provld+
● ach of the “following experimental samples?
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
cat in a puzzle box
salivating dogs
insight in monkeys
lever pressing in rats
pecking in herring gulls
13.
Phylogeny is the development of the individual organism whereas ont>g~’,~
is its evolutionary history.
14.
Potentiation refers to increased responding with repeated stlm~l; .5
presentations.
15.
An imprinted stimulus reinforces rather than elicits following.
16.
A more probable response may be reinforced by an opportunity to engage 1’
a less probable response.
17.
Honkeys will not operate a switch when the only consequence
opportunity to look at another monkey.
18.
Abruptly introducing punishment reduces responding more effectively th~n
gradually introducing punishment.
19.
Lever presses produce shock, and jumping decreases.
punishment.
1s
● R*
This illustrat~>
.
.
.
“9
.
.
‘1
.
FINAL
PAGE 2
20.
In the study of discrimination, physical measurement defines stimulus “
classes.
21.
In yoking, one organism’s performance determines the schedule that
operates for the responses of a second organism.
22.
Variables having small effects in single-response schedules sometimes have
large effects in concurrent schedules.
23.
Classes of responses elicited by stimuli are called respondents.
24.
Rats cannot learn food preferences socially.
25.
While exploring a cave, you discover a stone in which the symbols of an
unknown language have been carved. The stone is too heavy to carry, so
you copy the symbols before leaving. This copying is transcription.
26.
Place names are likely to be based on unusual rather than common features
of a region.
27.
Transformations allow us to describe the relations among sentences.
28.
Sentences that “mean the same thing” have similar surface structures but
different deep structures.
29.
If learners respond only on the basis of one letter of a nonse~.~
syllable, this letter is called a nominal stimulus.
30.
The probability of recall of an item is more affected by the delay than h~
the number of other items intervening between presentation and recall.
3t.
If students who took a midterm exam do only as well on the final exan ● s
a matched group who did not take the midterm exam, transfer from mldt~r*
to final exam waa zero.
32.
Short-term memory ordinarily lasts only for seconds, whereas long-t~ta
memory may last for hours or days.
33.
A learner’s recall of some items from a list is not affected by
instruction to forget other items on the list.
36.
Recognition accuracy Is always superior to recall accuracy.
35.
In exhaustive serial search, reaction time is independent of list length
36.
Behavioral accounts define response classes in terms of their topographl~n
rather than in terms of where responses came from.
●n
.
.’
.
.
.
.
.
,
FINAL
PAGE 3
●
Use the following to answer the items below:
a. involves response properties
b. involves stimulus properties
For each of the following, indicate by letter which applies:
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
differentiation
discrimination
fading
generalization
induction
shaping
Use the following to answer the items below:
a. spread of reinforcing effects
b. concentration of reinforcing effects
c. differential reinforcement of successive approximations
For each of the following, indicate by letter which applies:
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
differentiation
discrimination
fading
generalization
induction
shaping
49.
Behavior is a product of
b. phylogeny
a. ontogeny
d. neither a nor b
c. both a and b
50.
A reinforcer that has an arbitrary relation to the responses that produce
it is
a. an incentive
b. an extrinsic reinforcer
c. an automatic reinforcer
d. an unconditioned reinforcer
51.
Positive reinforcement and positive punishment both
a. produce increases in behavior
b. involve a reinforcing stimulus, presented in one case, withdrawn in the
other
c. have to be superimposed upon high baseline response rates
d. ordinarily have temporary effects
.
.
.
“.
.
t
FINAL
PAGE 4
●
52.
The SS is 10 see, and the RS is 15 sec. A response has just occurred. If
no other response occurs, the next shock will come
a. immediately
b. in 10 sec
c. in 15 sec
d. in 25 sec
53.
To
a.
b.
c.
d.
54.
Peak shifts are most likely in
a. generalization gradients
b. postdiscrimination gradients
c. inhibitory gradients
d. difference gradients
55.
At a traffic light, you stop when you see red and go when you see green.
This is an instance of
concurrent schedules
:: multiple schedules
c . tandem schedules
d. mixed schedules
56.
In
a.
b.
c.
d.
Watson & Rayner’s conditioned-fear experiment with Little Albert
both loud noise and furry animal were CSS
both furry animal and loud noise were USS
furry animal was a US and loud noise was a CS
loud noise was a US and furry animal was a CS
57.
An
a.
b.
c.
d.
example of delay conditioning is
food presented every 30 sec
a l-see light followed 30 sec later by food
food followed by a 15-sec light
a 15-sec light immediately followed by food
58.
Rats drank sweetened water in the presence of noise and light. Drlnklng
was followed in group 1 by shock and in group 2 by later sickness caused
by irradiation. When the groups were tested later
a. both drank less sweetened water, but were indifferent to noise/llght
b. both drank less during noisellight, but were indifferent to sweetne~s
c. group 1 drank less during noise/light: group 2 drank less sweeten-d
water
d. group 1 drank less sweetened water; group 2 drank less during
noise/light
define an operant class, we must know the effect
of responses in the class on the environment
of differential reinforcement on behavior
neither a nor b
both a and b
‘~1
)
PAGE 5
.
FINAL
59.
Learners talked aloud while learning verbal items. Listeners heard the
learners and the results of each trial while observers were only given the
results of each trial. When asked to predict how well the learners would
recall new items
a. the learners themselves were more accurate than the other two groups
b. all three groups did equally well
c. the learners and listeners did equally well, and better than the
observers
d. surprisingly, the observers were more accurate than the other two
groups
60.
Taking notes on a lecture is to taking notes from a text as
a. dictation-taking is to transcription
b. echoic is to textual
c. echoic is to transcription
d. transcription is to textual
61.
Deep structure is the name for the properties of a sentence that remain
constant over grammatical transformations.
62.
Free recall may be regarded as
a. paired-associates learning with each response serving as stimulus for
the next
b. verbal discrimination in which the familiarity of the stimulus is
discriminated
c. a procedure imposing delays between list items and recall opportunities
d. a consumer benefit advocated by Ralph Nader
63.
The critical period refers to
a. the required pause in a DRL schedule
b. the time when a stimulus may become imprinted
c. the maximum effective delay in temporal conditioning
d. the duration of iconic memory
64.
Theories of processing stages imply that
a. reaction times can be used to measure sequences of cognitive events
b. children both accommodate to and assimilate environmental structures
c. rehearsal is essential to long-term memory
d. remembering is maximal when the retrieval state is like that during
storage
65.
Which was an animal-learning researcher who devoted the most experimental
attention to human learning?
d. Skinner
c. Pavlov
a. Ebbinghaus
b. Thorndike