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BILKENT UNIVERSITY APPLIED SCHOOL OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT BUSINESS INFORMATION MANAGEMENT 92 100 Introduction to Psychology Chapter 6 / EXERCISE Part A – Multiple Choice Questions 1. Imagine a classical conditioning experiment in which you have participants suck on a lemon (which causes puckering and salivating) immediately after you touch the participant’s arm. After many trials, the participants make a puckered face and salivate when you touch them on the arm. In this experiment, what is the unconditioned stimulus? a) b) c) d) the lemon puckering and salivating touching the arm the participant 2. What is the “law of effect” in instrumental conditioning? a) If a response is followed by a reward, that response will be strengthened. b) If two stimuli are presented at the same time, an association between the two will be created. c) If an individual (or animal) observes a behavior, that individual (or animal) is likely to imitate the behavior. d) There are biological constraints on which behaviors an individual (or animal) can learn. 3. According to learning theorists, most learning depends on the mechanism of: a) b) c) d) punishment. insight. association. reasoning. 4. Which one of the following is not one of the major areas of learning? a) b) c) d) Classical conditioning Instrumental Conditioning Latent Learning Habituation 5. Which one of the following is not true for Instrumental Conditioning? a) Associating an existing response with a new stimulus b) The animal or person must produce some behavior to get a reward or avoid a punishment. c) If a particular voluntary response is followed by a reward, that response will be strengthened d) Changing of behavior 92 100 Introduction to Psychology Ebru İNANÇ Instructor 07-08 Spring BILKENT UNIVERSITY APPLIED SCHOOL OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT BUSINESS INFORMATION MANAGEMENT Part B – Match the Followings In the first column you will see some terms related with “Learning”. In the second column, there are the descriptions of these terms. Please match them accordingly Terms about Learning Explanations 1. Habituation ( 6 ) According to him, behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely 2. Tolman ( 1 ) Decline in response of organism’s response to stimulus once that stimulus becomes familiar 3. Learned helplessness ( 5 ) Organism comes to associate two stimuli; a neutral one and one that already causes a reflexive response 4. Unconditioned response ( 3 ) Control over environment lessens stress/distress; sense of futility, or lack of control, increases stress/distress 5. Classical Conditioning ( 2 ) He demonstrated “latent learning” using an operant conditioning paradigm 6. Thorndike ( 4 ) Unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus 92 100 Introduction to Psychology Ebru İNANÇ Instructor 07-08 Spring BILKENT UNIVERSITY APPLIED SCHOOL OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT BUSINESS INFORMATION MANAGEMENT Part C - Short Answer Questions 1. In Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning Experiment, what is “the role of surprise”? Please discuss briefly. The animal no longer gets the food but still gets the bell sound which used to signal food in the past. This is surprising for the animal. Surprise plays a key role in conditioning. Learning occurs only when events are not in line with our expectations. Otherwise we don’t need to learn anything new about the environment. 2. Please explain Thorndike’s Law of Effect. Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely. In instrumental conditioning the animal or person must produce some behavior to get a reward or avoid a punishment. If a particular voluntary response is followed by a reward, that response will be strengthened (the response comes from within). 92 100 Introduction to Psychology Ebru İNANÇ Instructor 07-08 Spring