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Abnormal Psychology Psychological Disorders A harmful dysfunction in which thoughts, feelings, or behaviors are maladaptive, unjustifiable, disturbing, and atypical. Criteria for Psychological Disorders • Maladaptive – destructive to oneself or others. • Unjustifiable – without a rational basis. • Disturbing – troublesome to other people. • Atypical – so different that it violates a norm. • “MUDA” (mnemonic). Early Theories • Abnormal behavior was evil spirits trying to get out. • Trephining was often used. Trephening Early Theories • Another way to deal with the demons was to make the body extremely uncomfortable. History of Mental Disorders • In the 1800’s, disturbed people were no longer thought of as madmen, but as mentally ill. They were first put in hospitals. Did this mean better treatment? Early Mental Hospitals • They were nothing more than barbaric prisons. •The patients were chained and locked away. •Some hospitals even charged admission for the public to see the “crazies”, just like a zoo. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dy72y2jLVOc Philippe Pinel • French doctor worked to eliminate the institutional brutality (and declare that these people are sick and “a cure must be found”). Medical Model • Late 1800’s - it was believed that mental illness had a physical or organic cause. General Paresis and Syphilis examples. But it doesn’t emphasize environmental explanations like stress or upbringing. Many disorders are psychogenic: the origin is psychological, not physical. Current Perspectives • Bio-psycho-social model: assumes biological, psychological and socio-cultural factors interact to produce specific psychological disorders. Most common view today. Some disorders occur worldwide (schizophrenia) while others are culture-bound (i.e. “anorexia” & “susto” – fear of black magic in Latin America). DSM-IV • Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: the big book of disorders. • DSM will classify disorders. • Critics say it’s biased towards the medical model. Two Major Classifications in the DSM Neurotic Disorders • Distressing but one can still function in society and act rationally. Psychotic Disorders • Person loses contact with reality, experiences distorted perceptions. John Wayne Gacy Danger of Diagnostic Labels • In Rosenhan’s study his associates were faking symptoms of hearing voices. • They were ALL admitted for schizophrenia. • None were exposed as imposters. • They all left diagnosed with schizophrenia in remission. • What did this study show? • 1.) It showed the biasing power of diagnostic labels. Childhood Disorders • ADHD: • Hyperactive behavior; can’t stay on task long. • 3-5% of children. • Mostly boys. • Ritalin, Adderall, and Concerta – treatments. Childhood Disorders • Autism – often severely incapacitating, developmental disability appearing in the first 3 years. • 1 out of 110. • Trouble forming attachments with people. Anxiety Disorders • A group of conditions where the primary symptoms are anxiety or defenses against anxiety. • The patient fears something awful will happen to them. • They are in a state of apprehension or nervousness. • Are they a neurosis or psychosis? Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) • Marked by disruptive levels of persistent feelings of apprehension and tenseness. • Symptoms include restlessness, feeling on edge, irritability, sleep disturbance. • 2 out of 3 – women. Panic Disorder • An anxiety disorder marked by a sudden bout of intense, unexplained panic, in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking and other frightening sensations. • Can cause secondary disorders like agoraphobia. Phobias • Marked by disruptive, irrational fears of objects, activities, or situations. • Specific phobias – like arachnophobia. • Agoraphobia – fear of public places. Examples of Phobias Name of the phobia: Fear of: Xenophobia Strangers Ophidiophobia Snakes Panaphobia Everything Santa Claustrophobia Stuck in chimneys Numerophobia Numbers Arachnophobia Spiders Murophobia Mice Mikrophobia Germs Obsessive-compulsive disorder • Persistent unwanted thoughts (obsessions) cause someone to feel the need to engage in a particular repetitive action (compulsion) . Common Examples of OCD Common Obsessions: Common Compulsions: Contamination fears of germs, dirt, Washing etc. Imagining having harmed self or others Repeating Imagining losing control of aggressive urges Checking Intrusive sexual thoughts or urges Touching A need to have things "just so" Hoarding or saving Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) • Flashbacks or nightmares following a person’s involvement in or observation of an extremely stressful event. • Memories of the event cause anxiety. • War veterans and “shell shock.” Biological Causes of Anxiety Disorders • Heredity or predisposition (twin studies). • Brain function - (PET scans of OCD patients show higher frontal lobe activity). • Evolution – likely to fear situations that posed threat to early humans. Learning Factors and Anxiety Disorders • Conditioning - remember Little Albert? • Observational learning – seeing someone else respond with fear (i.e. a sibling). • Reinforcement – learning to associate emotions with actions and the results that follow those actions. Mood Disorders • Psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes (i.e. depression, mania, or both). Major Depressive Disorder • Most common disability in the world (6% of men & 10% of women). • Unhappy for at least two weeks with no apparent cause. • Feelings of worthlessness and diminished interest in most activities. • May have suicidal thoughts. Bipolar Disorder • Formally called manic depression. • Involves periods of depression and manic episodes. • Manic episodes may involve long periods of little sleep, racing thoughts, and set impossible goals. • May have bursts of creative energy during manic states (like van Gogh). Famous People with Bipolar Bipolar Brain Postpartum Depression • Depression after childbirth (“baby blues”). • 5% to 10% of women. • Sadness, fatigue, insomnia, reduced libido, etc. • Usually the first few months after giving birth. Seasonal Affective Disorder • Experience depression during the winter months. • Based not on temperature, but on amount of sunlight. Suicide Suicide rates increase with age. Suicide But teen suicide rates increased from 1960 to 1990, but have dropped since 1990. Biological Causes of Mood Disorders • Heredity – twin studies. • Brain function – PET scans have shown lower brain activity during depressed states. • Serotonin and Norepinephrine are lacking during times of depression (Prozac helps restore these neurotransmitter levels). Social-Cognitive Factors and Mood Disorders • Learned helplessness. • Attributions (explanatory style) – Stable, internal and global. Dissociative Disorders Dissociative Disorders • Disorders in which the sense of self has become separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, or feelings. Dissociative Amnesia • A partial or total forgetting of past experiences, without organic cause. • Usually in reaction to a traumatic event. Organic Amnesia (not a dissociative disorder) • Results from other medical trauma (e.g. a blow to the head, stroke, alcoholism). Dissociative Fugue • A form of dissociative amnesia characterized by physical relocation and the assumption of a new identity with amnesia for the previous identity. (“Traveling amnesia”). •These journeys can last hours, even several days, months or years. Dissociative Identity Disorder (D.I.D.) • Used to be known as Multiple Personality Disorder. • Rare & controversial disorder where the person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. • Number of cases increased dramatically during the 1980’s (popular book “Sybil”). • Claims of child sexual abuse. Somatoform Disorders • Disorders in which symptoms take a bodily form without apparent physical cause. • Two types… Hypochondriasis • Characterized by imagined symptoms of illness. • They usually believe that the minor issues (headache, upset stomach) are indicative of more severe illnesses. Conversion Disorder • Loss or impairment of some motor or sensory function due to a psychological conflict. • Formerly known as hysteria. • Many of Freud’s patients suffered from this. Sigmund Freud Psychotic Disorders Schizophrenia • Is not one disorder but a group of disorders. • It is not “split personality.” • Typically develops in late adolescence. Schizophrenia • About 1% of people are diagnosed with schizophrenia. Symptoms of Schizophrenia: 1. Disorganized thinking. 2. Disturbed Perceptions. 3. Inappropriate Emotions and Actions. 1.) Disorganized Thinking • The thinking of a person with schizophrenia is fragmented and bizarre. • Disorganized thinking comes from a breakdown in selective attention - they cannot filter out information. • Often causes . . . Delusions (false beliefs) • Delusions of Persecution • Delusions of Grandeur (people are out to get you). (belief that you are more important than you really are). 2.) Disturbed Perceptions • Hallucinations – (usually auditory) is a false perception. 3.) Inappropriate Emotions and Actions • • • • Laugh at inappropriate times. Flat Effect (emotionless). Senseless, compulsive acts. Catatonia - motionless waxy flexibility. Types of Schizophrenia Paranoid Schizophrenia • Always paranoid and preoccupied with delusions of persecution or grandeur as well as hallucinations. • Always looking over your shoulder like somebody is out to get you! • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gGnl8dqEoPQ&feature=results_ main&playnext=1&list=PL135E3BF70B9D590C Catatonic Schizophrenia • Flat emotion. • Waxy flexibility. • Little movement, activity or speech. Disorganized Schizophrenia • Disorganized speech or behavior, or flat or inappropriate emotion. • Clang associations: speaking in rhyme. • “I’m the worst systematic, sympathetic quite pathetic, apologetic, paramedic.“ • Word salad: nonsense talk. • “It’s all over for a squab true tray and there ain’t no music. I’ve got to travel all the time to keep my energy alive.” Undifferentiated Schizophrenia • Term used as a label for schizophrenia that don't match any of the established types of schizophrenia (i.e. paranoid, catatonic, or disorganized) Biological Causes of Schizophrenia • No known single cause. • Possible causes: • Excess of dopamine receptors (6x). • Low activity in frontal lobes. • Genetics (50% chance for identical twins). Biological Causes of Schizophrenia • Possible causes: • Enlarged ventricles (fluid filled spaces) in the brain. • Shrinkage of brain tissue in limbic system. • Prenatal viruses. Psychological Causes of Schizophrenia • There is NO proof that any social or psychological factors “cause” schizophrenia. • We don’t know what role stress or disturbed family communications play. • The just appear to be correlated. Personality Disorders • Characterized by rigid and lasting behavior patterns that disrupt social functioning. • 3 main clusters: • A.) Related to anxiety • B.) Odd or Eccentric Behaviors • C.) Dramatic or Impulsive Behaviors A.) Related to Anxiety • Avoidant Personality Disorder – sensitive about being rejected so relationships become difficult. • Dependent Personality Disorder – are clingy and submissive. B.) Odd or Eccentric Behaviors • Paranoid Personality Disorder – show deep distrust of other people. • Schizoid Personality Disorder – are detached from social relationships (true hermits). C.) Dramatic or Impulsive Behaviors • Borderline Personality Disorder (following slides). • Antisocial Personality Disorder (following slides). Borderline Personality Disorder • Characterized by unstable emotions and relationships. People with this disorder are prone to constant mood swings and bouts of anger. Borderline Personality Disorder • They will take their anger out on themselves, causing themselves injury (cutting). Suicidal threats and actions are not uncommon. Antisocial Personality Disorder • Antisocial personality disorder is characterized by a lack of conscience. • People with this disorder are prone to criminal behavior never feel sorry for harming others. Antisocial Personality Disorder • Also known as “sociopaths”. Examples would be Charles Manson & Hannibal Lecter. They are often aggressive and are much more concerned with their own needs than the needs of others.