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Name _____________________________ Period _________ AP Biology Date ______________________ RAVEN CHAPTER 15 GUIDED NOTES: GENES AND HOW THEY WORK 1. Briefly describe the function of each type of RNA. a. rRNA __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ b. mRNA _________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ c. tRNA __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 2. Explain the “Central Dogma” of biology. __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 3. Give an overview of transcription. __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 4. Give an overview of translation. __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 5. Out of the work of a number of scientists, we have now determined that the four “letters” of the DNA “alphabet” translates to the twenty “letters” of the amino acid “alphabet”. Briefly explain how this works. __________________________________________________________________________ 1 of 5 Name _____________________________ AP Biology 6. Briefly describe how the experimental works of Francis Crick and Marshall Nirenberg “cracked the genetic code”. __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 7. Why is the genetic code said to be universal? What is the significance of this? __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 8. The enzyme which transcribes the DNA is ________________________________________ The strand of DNA that is transcribed is called ____________________________________ The strand of DNA that is not transcribed is called _________________________________ 9. List the highlights of the three stages of transcription. a. Initiation ________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ b. Elongation ______________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ c. Termination _____________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 10. Describe the significant differences between transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 2 of 5 Name _____________________________ AP Biology 11. Make notes on the following diagram to describe the model of a transcription bubble. 12. Describe what happens to the RNA transcript, in eukaryotes, before it leaves the nucleus. __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 13. What is the advantage of the 5’ cap and poly A tail? __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 14. Identify and briefly describe the steps of translation. a. Initiation ________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ b. Elongation ______________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ c. Translocation ____________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ d. Termination _____________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 3 of 5 Name _____________________________ AP Biology 15. Identify the roles of the players of the translation process. a. Transfer RNA ___________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ b. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase ________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ c. Ribosomes _____________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 16. Make notes on the following diagrams to describe the process of translation. 17. Distinguish between exons and introns. __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 18. Describe the mechanism for splicing RNA. __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 4 of 5 Name _____________________________ AP Biology 19. What does alternative RNA processing do for cells? __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 20. How does protein synthesis differ between prokaryotes and eukaryotes? a. _______________________________________________________________________ b. _______________________________________________________________________ c. _______________________________________________________________________ d. _______________________________________________________________________ e. _______________________________________________________________________ f. _______________________________________________________________________ 21. Use the diagram to trace the flow of chemical information from a gene to its protein product. 5 of 5