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Classical Conditioning An Introduction to Pavlov Principles of Classical Conditioning Have you ever heard a song that you really liked from a few years back and it “took you back” to that time? Mouth Watering because of Food Picture Classical Conditioning: A simple form of learning in which one stimulus calls forth the response of another stimulus. Pavlov’s Dogs Russian Physiologist Ivan Pavlov Stimulus and Response Unconditioned Stimulus- Stimulus that provides the response even though it is unlearned. (Meat) Unconditioned Response- The response that is natural and unlearned (Salivation) Conditioned Response- Learned response to a stimulus that was previously neutral (Bell) Conditioned Stimulus- A previously neutral stimulus that, because of association with an unconditioned stimulus, now produces a conditioned response. Adapting to the Environment Classical Conditioning helps us adapt to our environment Associate certain smells and sights with danger Taste Aversion-leaned avoidance of particular foods Adaptations of Classical Conditioning Classical Conditioning can help people overcome fears of objects and situations Many fears, such as spiders, snakes and heights are our of proportion to the danger they represent Two methods of reducing fears are flooding and systematic desensitization Flooding A person is continuously exposed to harmless stimuli until fear is diminished. Person afraid of snakes put in room full of harmless snakes Fear of heights taken to rooftops of many tall buildings Systematic Desensitization People are taught relaxation techniques, and then, while they are relaxed, they are gradually exposed to the stimulus they fear. Fears Snakes: First Relaxed Shown picture of snake Shown snake from a distance Gradually brought closer Holding the Snake Counterconditioning Pairing a pleasant stimulus with a feared stimulus, counteracting the fear. Operant Conditioning Learning to do something, or not to do something based on the results. In Classical Conditioning, responses are often involuntary behaviors that are spurred by secondary stimuli. In Operant Conditioning the subject has more control over the responses. Reinforcement Operant Conditioning works because of Reinforcement. The process by which a stimulus increases a specific behavior. Types of Reinforcers Primary and Secondary Primary-Reinforcers that work due to the biological makeup of the subject. (food, water, etc) Secondary-reinforcers whose value must be learned. (money, attention, social approval) Positive and Negative Reinforcers Positive Reinforcers- Increase the frequency of the behavior they follow when they are applied Behavior is reinforced because the subject receives something they want. Negative Reinforcers- Increase the frequency of the behavior because they remove an unwanted experience. Rewards and Punishments Many people believe that being positively reinforced is the same as being rewarded and being negatively reinforced is the same as being punished. There are some differences, however, particularly between negative reinforcement and punishment Rewards Rewards, like reinforcers increase the frequency of the behavior. For Skinner, this is just a matter of language formality. Preferred the term Reinforcement because it can be concluded scientifically rather than getting “in the head” of what subjects find rewarding Punishments Negative Reinforcers increase behavior by being removed. Punishments increase behavior by being applied. Sports and Grades When Punishment is a Problem Punishment can create anger and hostility Punishment doesn’t in itself teach alternative acceptable behavior Severely punished people may try to leave the situation rather than change behavior Punishment may have broader effects than desired Problems with Punishment Punishment is sometimes accompanied by unseen benefits that make behavior more, not less, likely Punishment may be imitated as a way of solving problems