Download Psychology 40S Final Exam Review Unit 1

Psychology 40S Final Exam Review
Unit 1: Foundations of Psychology
1. Define Psychology.
a. What two other disciplines of study is psychology connected to historically?
2. Identify and explain the four goals of psychology.
3. Explain the difference between a hypothesis and a theory.
a. What was the Kitty Genovese Case and what major theory of behavior did it help
create? Explain this theory.
4. Define bias.
5. Define and explain the Three Psychological Debates
a. Nature vs. Nurture
b. Person vs. Situation
c. Stability vs. Change
6. Explain the difference between a Psychologist and Psychiatrist.
7. Know the different fields or specialties of Psychology (Information from Crossword)
8. When and where was the first laboratory devoted to psychology developed? Who
developed it?
9. Be familiar with the History of Psychology handout – Know what the Egyptians and
Greeks believed about psychology
10. Know and explain the Three Modern Influential Movements in Psychology:
a. Behavioral Perspective :
i. Know terms – Pavlov’s Dogs, Classical Conditioning, John Watson’s
Little Albert Experiment, B.F Skinner’s theory of learning, Skinner Box
b. Psychodynamic Perspective :
i. Know terms – Sigmund Freud, Slip of Tongue, Free Associations, Iceberg
Model, Psycho-Therapy
c. Humanistic Perspective :
i. Know terms – Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs and Self-Actualization.
11. Be familiar with the Historical Treatment of the Mentally ill Handout:
a. Know what asylums in the 16th and 17th centuries were like
b. What were mental institutions like in the 1940-50s – know what
Electroconvulsive (shock) Therapy and a Lobotomy is.
c. What is deinstitutionalization? What factors lead to this movement? What is the
result of this movement?
Unit 2: Research Methods in Psychology
1. Explain the three types of research methods in psychology
2. Define sample – why must a sample be “representative” of a population?
3. Define Case Study – what are the advantages / disadvantages of this method? Who was
this method of study popularized by?
4. Define Naturalistic Observation – What is the benefit of this type of research?
Disadvantage?
b) Who is Jane Goodall and what is her importance to the field of psychology?
5. What is a Correlation Coefficient and what do correlations show?
a) What is its range?
b) What does the number tell you?
c) What does the + or – sign tell
d) Be able to provide / explain an example of both a positive and negative
correlation.
6. What does the Experimental Method show?
a) Explain the difference between an independent variable and a dependent
variable
b) Explain the difference between a control group and an experimental group
c) Explain the difference between a single-blind and a double-blind experiment
7. Define and explain the term Self-Fulfilling Prophecy and why is an understanding of
this important in research psychology?
8. Define and explain the term Placebo Effect and why is this important in research
psychology?
9. What are Extraneous Variables?
10. What is Random Assignment?
11. Explain in detail Albert Bandura’s famous “Bobo Doll” experiment and be able to
identify in this experiment: independent variable, dependent variable, control group, and
the experimental group. Also be able to discuss what this experiment shows us about
violence.
12. What are ethics and why are ethical codes or standards important in the field of
psychology? Be familiar with some of the main codes of ethical conduct as set forth by
the Psychological Association.
13. Be able to discuss the controversial Milgram Shock Experiment and what it suggested
about human behavior?
14. Be able to discuss the controversial Stanford Prison Experiment and what it suggests
about human behavior?
Unit 3: Biopsychology
1. Review information from “The Working of the Mind and Body” textbook fill in the
blanks assignment sheet:
a. explain the difference between the CNS and the PNS
b. what is a neuron and explain how they work
c. be able to label and explain the parts of the neuron – cell body, axon, axon
terminals, dendrites
d. what is the synapse
e. what are neurotransmitters and what are their function
f. explain the difference between sensory and motor neurons
g. What is the difference between the somatic nervous system and the autonomic
nervous system
h. what is the difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems
2. Review all information from the textbook assignment on the endocrine system:
a. define endocrine system
b. define hormones and list some of the effects that they have
c. explain the functions of all the parts of the endocrine system
i. pituitary gland
ii. thyroid gland
iii. adrenal gland
iv. sex glands
d. what is the difference between hormones and neurotransmitters
3. Parts of the brain – review information from the fill in the blanks note guide
a. be able to explain the function of all the following structures:
i. cerebellum
ii. medulla
iii. pons
iv. thalamus
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
hypothalamus
cerebral cortex / cerebrum
amygdala
hippocampus
4. define corpus callosum
5. What are some common brain myths that have been oversimplified by pop
psychology?
6. identify and explain the function of the four lobes of the brain:
a. occipital
b. temporal
c. parietal
d. frontal
7. Review information from handout “How Psychologists Study the Brain”:
a. EEG
b. Stimulation
c. Legions
d. Brain Accidents and the case of Phineas Gage
e. CT, PET, MRI scans
8. Review notes on the left vs. right Hemispheres of the brain, and be able to explain the
difference between both halves. Be able to list functions associated with both the left
and the right hemispheres.
9. Review the article “Dual-Brain Psychology” and be able to discuss what happens
when patients have the hemispheres of their brains separated.
10. Review textbook assignment “Heredity and Environment” and be able to define
a. heredity
b. nature vs. nurture debate
c. genes
d. use of twin studies
Unit 4: Psychological Principles of Learning
1. Define learning
2. Identify and explain the three dominant theories of learning
3. Explain the concept of conditioning
4. Explain in detail Ivan Pavlov’s “Dog Experiment”, and how this lead to the development
of the “Classical Conditioning” theory of learning.
5. Be able to properly label all the elements of Classical Conditioning for a given
experiment [ NS, US, UR, CS, CR]
6. Explain the significance of Watson’s “Little Albert Experiment”
7. Define Phobia – What they are / how they are connected to Classical Conditioning, etc.
8. Define the following Classical Conditioning terms:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
Systematic Desensitization
Generalization
Discrimination
Taste-Aversion
Extinction
Spontaneous Recovery
9. Review all information from the Operant Conditioning textbook assignment and be able
to explain:
a. The importance of B.F.Skinner and the Skinner Box
b. reinforcement
c. The difference between a positive and negative reinforcement
d. The difference between a primary and secondary reinforcement
e. The difference between a continuous and partial reinforcement schedule
f. The difference between a fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement and a variableratio schedule of reinforcement
g. Define and explain shaping
h. Explain how the concepts of generalization and discrimination work in terms of
Operant Conditioning
i. Define punishment. Explain the difference between a positive and a negative
punishment.
j. Explain Thorndike’s theory of punishment - Law of Effect
10. Define Social Learning and explain the following terms:
a. Observational Learning (modeling)
b. Cognitive Map
c. Latent Learning
d. Learned Helplessness
e. Vicarious Reinforcement and Vicarious Punishments
11. Define Behavior Modification
Unit 5: Principles of Memory
1. Define Memory
2. Who is Herman Ebbinghaus and what are Non-Sense Syllables?
3. What do we know about relearning information?
4. Identify the three stages of memory processing and be able to explain each stage.
5. What factors contribute to encoding failure?
6. What is a Retrieval Cue?
7. What is the Curve of Forgetting?
8. Identify the three types of memory
a. What is Sensory Memory – how large is it, and how long does it last?
b. What is Short Term Memory – how large is it, and how long does it last?
c. Explain the George Miller 7(+ or -) 2 Theory of Short Term Memory
d. Define Chunking or Grouping
e. Explain Working Memory
f. What is Long-Term Memory – how large is it, and how long does it last?
9. Explain the basic idea of the Craik and Lockhart’s “Levels-of-Processing” Model of
memory
10. Explain the four types of Long Term Memory:
a. Procedural
b. Semantic
c. Episodic
d. Priming or Implicit
11. What is the “Tip of the Tongue” phenomenon, and what type of long term memory is it
associated with?
12. What are Flashbulb Memories and what type of long term memory is it associated with?
13. Define and explain Semantic Networks
14. Define Schemas and Memory Inferences
15. What is the Encoding Specificity Theory?
16. Identify five techniques to improve your memory
17. Explain why psychologist agree that memories are reconstructive
18. Explain the Repressed Memory Controversy
19. Be very familiar with the work of Elizabeth Loftus and her finding on “False Memories,”
“Misinformation Effect” and “Eye- Witness Testimony”
Unit 5B: Other Principles of Cognitive Psychology and Intelligence
1. Define Cognitive Psychology
2. Define Thinking
3. Explain the three aids to solving problems discussed in class – setting sub-goals,
representing problems, and rigidity
a. Explain Functional Fixedness and the Unusual Use Test
4. Define Creativity – explain two correlations found with creativity
5. Define Confirmation Bias and explain how it effects decision making
6. What is the difference between a Representative Heuristic and an Availability Heuristic?
7. What is Language and why is it important?
a. Why is it important to use gender-neutral language with children?
8. Define Intelligence
a. What is Emotional Intelligence?
b. How and why did Alfred Binet develop the first I.Q. test?
c. What is the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test and what does I.Q. stand for?
d. Explain the range of I.Q. scoring.
e. What do I.Q. scores mean and what do they actually measure?
f. Explain the controversy over I.Q. testing.
g. Explain Howard Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences and list the seven
types of intelligences he has identified
Unit 6: Principles of Sensation, Perception, Consciousness and Altered States
1. Define Sensation and Perception – explain the difference
2. What is the difference between an Absolute and a Differential Threshold
3. Define and explain Sensory Adaptation
4. What kinds of things influence a person’s perception?
5. Define Gestalt Psychology
a. What do Gestalt psychologist do?
b. Identify the general principles that people use in organizing information
c. Explain “Figure-Ground Perception”
d. What are Perceptual Inferences?
e. How do we learn to perceive?
f. What is Subliminal Perception?
g. What is Depth Perception and when does it develop? Explain what the Visual
Cliff Test shows
6. What is Parapsychology and why is it controversial?
a. What does ESP stand for
b. Explain the four main types of ESP
c. What is Mediumism?
7. Define Consciousness and be able to explain the following model of consciousness
a. Stream of Consciousness
b. Freud’s Levels of Consciousness – Iceberg Model
c. Dual-Processing Model
8. Explain what the Cocktail Party Effect Shows
9. Explain Divided Attention and why it is both a good and a bad thing
a. Explain the Invisible Gorilla Experiment
10. Be able to explain the various States of Consciousness explored in class:
a. Sleep
b. Hypnosis
c. Meditation
d. Altered States due to drug use
11. What is Circadian Rhythm?
a. What part of the brain regulates it?
b. What external stimulus controls it?
c. What does it tell us about our peak and low levels of alertness in a given day?
12. What is sleep?
a. What are some theories as to why we do it?
b. How much sleep is needed at various stages of your life and why?
c. How much does an average adult sleep today and why has this decreased?
d. Identify and explain the 5 stages of sleep?
e. What is REM? What is unique about this stage of sleep?
13. What are sleep disorders? Be able to briefly explain some common sleep disorders:
a. Insomnia
b. Narcolepsy
c. Sleep Apnea
d. Sleepwalking and talking
e. Nightmares
f. Night Terrors
14. What is Daydreaming?
a. Identify four reasons why psychologists believe that we daydream?
b. What is the content of most daydreams?
15. What are dreams?
a. Identify six different dream theories (reasons why we dream) put forth by various
psychologists.
16. In your view why is an awareness of both stress and mental illness not only important for
you as a teenager, but also for society as a whole?