Download Exam 3: Biochem 2 Fill in the Blank

Exam 3: Biochem 2 Fill in the Blank----- Edited and Created by Jenny Talbert------BIOCHEM TUTOR
1. Hormones0------ON EXAM 2
a. 3 important
i. Glucagon
1. Type?_____________________
2. Source_______________________
3. Stimulus for release____________________
4. Effect on Blood sugar__________________
ii. Insulin
1. Type____________________
2. Source_______________________
3. Stimulus for release____________________
4. Effect on Blood sugar__________________
iii. Epinephrine
1. Type______________________
2. Source_______________________
3. Stimulus for release____________________
4. Effect on Blood sugar__________________
b. Glycogen breakdown and synthesis
i. Glycogen breakdown (Phosphoylation) is triggered by this hormone___________________
1. Glycogen phosphorylase switches from _______ to ___________ form
2. Glycogen synthetase switches form __________ to ___________ form
ii. Glycogen synthesis from G-1P
1. Glycogen phosphorylase switches from _______ to ___________ form
2. Glycogen synthetase switches from __________ to ___________ form
iii. Intracellular kinase response for the above switches
1. ____________________________________________
2. Fatty Acid (FA) biosynthesis
a. We synthesis FA to store energy
i. Fats have ____more_________ (more/less) kcal per gram than carbohydrate and proteins
ii. Locations were fats are made________Liver_________ and _______adipocytes________
1. Due to the increased NADPH made in these cells during the shunt
iii. Location in the cell of synthesis:___cytosol__________________
b. Reaction Steps
i. Starting material:___acetyl-CoA__________________
1. Reacting the above with CO2 and ATP will yield Malonyl-CoA
a. This reaction requires a ________Biotin_________ cofactor
2. Next we add a modified Acetyl Carrier protein to help with the subsequent reactions.
ii. Steps to process the metabolites
1. Reduce ___Dehydrate_________  ____Reduce______--> Condense______
iii. This is used as a carbon donor to make the fatty acid longer___Malonyl-SACP______
1. The acetyl-carrier protein that is used to elongate the FA is only used for the first 16
carbons.
iv. The above process continues until we get a ___16_________(#?) carbon Fatty Acid.
c. Elongation Process (After we get to 16 Carbons we can either Elongate or Desaturate)
i. Use ___Malonyl-CoA_______ as a carbon donor
d. Desaturation process
i. Adding a ___Double________ bond to ___decrease________ (decrease/increase) melting
point.
ii. Always add the 1st double bond at the ____∆ 9_________ postion.
e. Pyruvate-Citrate cycleCarbon sources for Synthesis
i. Pyruvate moves from the cytosol to the ___Mito Matrix________ and can either be converted
into
1. __Acetyl-CoA________ or ________OAA_____________
ii. Citrate can move from the ____mito matrix_________ to the cytosol and then breaks into
1. OAA (then to malate and then pyruvate) and Acetyl-CoA (then on to making a FA)
iii. Original 6 carbons of extra glucose
1. ____4_______(#?) carbons end up in Fatty acid
2. ____2_______(#?) carbons end up as CO2
f. Lipid Formation in Adipocites
i. When we have _______________ (increased/decreased) demand for ATP we need to start
making triacylglycerides (TAG)
ii. Starting glyolysis intermediate___DHAP________________
1. Reduced to Glycerol phosphate
2. Add ___2________(#) fatty acid-CoA and becomes a ___phospholipid______ that can
go to cell membranes to make the lipid bilayer.
3. Add ___1_________ (#) fatty acid-CoA and become a TAG
3. Cholesterol Synthesis
a. Starting materials:___2 acetyl-CoA- Acetylacetate-CoA_______________________
b. Intermediate of synthesis:____HMG-CoA_________________
c. This enzyme commits HMG-CoA intermediate to Cholesterol synthesis?____HMG-CoA reductase __
i. This makes sure that HMG-Coa makes cholesterol instead of something else like a Ketone body
d. Cholesterol is used for making
i. __steroid hormones__________ and ____bile salts_____ and ___membranes___
e. Enterohepatic cycle (Portal Triad)
i. Organs involved?
1. __Liver________ and _____Gallbladder_________ and __Small intestine______
ii. Bile salts are recycled via this vein?____Hepatic Portal Vein_______________
iii. Unreacted cholesterol is taken up by this system_____Lymphatic ____________________
iv. Gallbladder’s job is to
1. ____Store___________ and ______concentrate___________ bile salts
4. Lipoproteins Lipid Transport
a. Mixed Micelle
i. Core is hydro___phobic____ and contains this type of cholesterol__esters (this has a fatty acid
attached so no longer is amipathic)____
ii. Shell is hydro____philic____ and contains this type of cholesterol __Free cholesterol_______
b. 4 Types of Lipoproteins
i. Chylomicrons
1. Have a ______________ (high/low) percent fat
a. making them ___________ (more/less) dense (think oil and water the oil is on
the top so it is less dense)
2. Carry __Dietary_________ fats (exogenous) to adipocytes and other cells
3. Has an Apo __CII_____________ receptor on its shell
a. Receptor supplied from __HDL__________________
4. This receptor will interact with this enzyme __Lipoprotein Lipase (LPL)_______ in the
plasma membrane of fat cells
5. After dropping off fats the remnant will proceed to be shredded in the __Liver____
ii. VLDL
1. Carry ___Endogenous (fats we make in the body)_____ fats from the Liver to
____adipocytes and other peripheral cells. ___________
2. After dropping off fats they are turned into ___IDL______________
3. Has Apo CII and B-100____ receptors
iii. IDL (intermediate density Lipoprotein)
1. Source:__VLDL_________________
2. Function:__Make LDL__________________
iv. LDL (Bad cholesterol)
1. Is made from ____IDL_______________
2. Carries ___Cholesterol esters (supplied from HDL)_________ to peripheral cells.
3. Has a ____B100_____________ receptor on its surface
a. This receptor will help LDL get endocytosed into peripheral cells.
v. HDL (good cholesterol)
1. Made in the ___Liver_____________
2. Supplies
a. Receptor_____Apo CII________ Enzyme____LCAT_________
i. Enzyme is to react lecithin with cholesterol and create a ___Cholesterol
Ester______
c. Intracellular cholesterol
i. When we have increased cholesterol IN THE cell will (this is cholesterol that is already made)
If you have a question asking how we stop cholesterol from being made than we can mess with
HMG-CoA reductase. Below were talking about cholesterol that is already made and inside the
cell. When we have an increased cholesterol inside we have to prevent more from going in to
the cell.
1. Become a ___plasma membrane___________ component
2. Inhibit the translation step so less __B100_________ receptors are made for LDL
ii. Statin Drugs—inhibit HMG-CoA reductase
iii. Aseramines drugs—inhibit reabsorption of bile salts and unreacted cholesterol in the GI
5. Fat Mobilization
a. Using the fat we have stored when our blood sugar is _____low_______________ (high/low)
b. Name 2 molecules that trigger fat mobilization extracellularly.
i. ___Glucagon___________ and _________Epi, Norepi____________
c. Enzyme imbedded in membrane that converts ATP cAMP:___Adenyl cylase______________
i. cAMP is an intracellular trigger for fat mobilization
d. cAMP triggers cAMP stimulating protein kinase to activate a lipase that hydrolysis
______TAG_________ into FA and glycerol.
e. Keytone Bodies
i. Made in the ______Liver________ and can supply all tissues with energy
1. Including the _____Brain____________ the largest consumer of glucose
6. Amino Acids Anabolism (meaning that we can make new things (like glucose)with amino acids)
a. Pyruvate-Alanine Cycle
i. We break down _____Protein___ in our skeletal muscles into this amino acid___alaine_______
ii. Amino acid is transported out into plasma and goes to the___Liver_____________________
iii. This is because we can use amino acids for _____energy (glucose)_________ that will supply
glucose to the body in times of starvation.
b. Nitrogen balance
i. Highest quality of protein:______Egg whites_______________
1. This is because of the ____high (complete)__ concentration of Essential amino acids
ii. Lowest quality of protein:____collagen_________________
iii. Positive nitrogen balance
1. Nitrogen intake __exceeds______ nitrogen excretion
2. Possible state of body with + nitrogen balance_pregnacy, children, recovery from illness
iv. Negative nitrogen balance
1. Nitrogen intake _is less than_______ nitrogen excretion
2. Possible state of body with – nitrogen balance ____physiological stress,  in essential
amino acids_____
7. Methonine 1 carbon methyl group transfers
a. SAM stands for ___S-Adenosine methionine________________________________
i. Does this have a methyl group? ____yes_______________
b. Homocystine ____Does not____________(has /does not have) a methyl group.
c. Folic Acid
i. Water soluble ___B_____ vitamin
ii. Can’t synthesize so we must get from our __Diet__________________
iii. Folicin is reduced a few times so we can donate a ____CH3_________ group to Homocystine
to make____Methionine_____________.
iv. We end up with Tetrahydrafolate (H4Folate) that is recycled at the expense of this amino acid
1. __glycine________________
v. The homocystine ___Met_______________ step requires Cobalmin
1. This is another name for vitamin __B-12________
a. When we eat this vitamin it will encounter ___Intrinsic___ __Factor_____
supplied from the gastric mucosal cells.
b. If the body is lacking this __intrinic_________ factor we can’t process cobalmin
and we end up with ___Pernicous_____________ anemia
2. With a cobalmin deficiency we will have decreased Metonine in the system and that
have increased homocystine and thus a ______________ (,) in folic acid
8. Purine and Pyrimidine Synthesis
a. We use these nitrogenous bases to make nucleotide structures.
i. List some examples:___DNA, DNA, RNA, ATP, GTP______________________
b. Purines have ___2______ (1 or 2) rings
i. Name the 2 purines __guanine_____________ and ___adenine_____________
ii. Starting material for synthesis ___Ribose 5 P___________________
iii. Common intermediate between both purines ___Inosinic Acid________________
c. Pyrimidines have ___1_____ (1 or 2) rings
i. Name the 3 Pyrimidines
Thymine, Uricil, Cytosine
ii. Starting materials ___Carbamyl-P__________ and ____Aspartic Acid____________________
iii. UMP________ synthesis is a branch point to make each of the other pyrimidines
d. DNA vs. RNA
i. DNA list possible base pairs ___A__ and __T___
_____G__ and ___C_____
1. Double helix
2. Purine always bonds with pyramidine
3. Deoxyribose sugar created from ribose using this enzyme __Thioreductase_________
ii. RNA  list possible base pairs __A____ and __U_____
___G____ and __C______
e. Purine Decay
i. Adenine (A) and Guanine (G) decay eventually creating ___Uric______ acid
1. A build up of this acid in joints etc. will result in ___Hyperuricemia____ otherwise
known as Gout.
a. This is a genetic problem with this enzyme ___PRPP___________________
9. Minerals
a. Iron Fe
i. Function
1. Production of this O2 carrying molecule ____Hemoglobin_____________
2. Cytochromes for the Electron Transport System
ii. Physiological requirement  ______1______ mg/day
iii. Nutritional Requirement  _____10________ mg/day
iv. Best source is Fe with this oxidation state ____Fe2+__________________
1. Fe supplements are in the form of FeSO4 and should be taken with vitamin _ C________
to help reduce back to Fe2+
v. Absorption/Storage
1. Fe2+ in will encouter _____Apoferritin___________ in the gastric mucosal cells and
produces ____Ferritin______________
2. Storage mode in the liver:___Ferritin_______________
3. Transport mode in plasma: __Transferrin________________
4. What is the mucosal block of iron?_________Apoferritin____________________
vi. Hemolysis: breaking of _Red__Blood___ cells
1. Most Fe is recycled but some is lost
2. Hemoglobin
a. Heme groups will on to make ___bilirubin________ and eventually bile
synthesis in the liver.
3. Fetal Development of red blood cells
a. From mom until birth but sometimes ___bilirubin____________builds up in the
liver and creates a yellowing of the skin and whites of eyes
____Jaundice_____________.
10. Ethyl-Alcohol Metabolism
a. Once ingested water-soluble alcohol is in all water based fluids. Examples____GI, CSF, Blood_____
b. Enzyme involved in alcohol metabolism:____Alcohol Dehydrogenase_______________
i. Km for this enzyme____1km_____
ii. Clearance of ___100_______ mg/kg body weight per hour (fixed rate due to kM)
c. Alcohol clearance will impede the liver of glucose because of an increased demand for NAD+
i. This demand for NAD+ will be met by taking Pyruvate  __Lactate_____________
1. Or taking OAA _____Malate_____________
ii. The build up of lactic acid will result in __Lactate___acidosis (metabolic)
iii. Overall effect of Alcohol
1. Lactate acidosis
2. Impairment of gluconeogesis
3. Fatty liver
4. CNS neurotoxin
11. Thiamin
a. ___B__ complex vitamin
i. Active form of vitamin _____Thiamin Pyrophosphate________________
ii. Enzyme cofactor for PDH
b. Deficiency
i. In Heavy drinkers is called ___Wernike Korsakoff Syndrome__________________
ii. Wet Beri-Beri
1. Thiamin deficiency that results in muscle wasting with edema that may lead to
___congestive______ heart failure and a switch to anaerobic ATP production.
c. Thiamin Pyrophospate (TPP)
i. 3 enzyme systems need this to work correctly
1. PDH : PyruvateAcetyl-Coa
2.  ketogluteratesuccyinal-CoA
3. The shunt
ii. With low Acetyl-CoA, we have low ATP production because TCA has stalled so we get our
ATP anaerobic glycolysis instead.
1. Pyruvate goes to lactate instead because we need the oxidizing agent NAD+
2. Lots of glucose will be used and will become acidic because of the increase of lactate
lactate.
12. Neurotransmitters.
a. Function: ensure depolarization
b. Synthezied: pre-synaptic nerve ending
c. Excitatory: Acetylcholine= acetyl-CoA + Choline (enzyme is AcH-esterase)
i. Acetyl-coA is taken out of the system
ii. Choline is recycled by reuptake into pre-synaptic
d. Tyrosine L-Dopa Dopamine Norepi Epi (with a CH3 groups attached)
i. Increasing cocaine use will decrease receptors sties and need more and more to feel happy.