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Unit 3 genetics – Unit 12 Molecular Genetics: (12.4) Gene Regulation & Mutation-class key Name: ________Class key_________ Period: ________________________ Website upload 2015 The Living Environment ’14-‘15 Mr. Murdoch Unit 3 genetics – Unit 12 Molecular Genetics: (12.4) Gene Regulation & Mutation-class key The Living Environment ’14-‘15 Mr. Murdoch Topic 12.4 assignments Pages/Sections Website upload 2015 Date Assigned Date Due Unit 3 genetics – Unit 12 Molecular Genetics: (12.4) Gene Regulation & Mutation-class key Topic: The Living Environment ’14-‘15 Mr. Murdoch Mutations Objective: What is a genetic mutation? Any _change_ in DNA _sequence_ is called a _mutation_. Can be _caused_ by errors in _replication_, _transcription_, cell _division_, or by _external_ agents. If _mutation_ occurs in _gametes_ (sex cells) it will be __passed_ on to _offspring_. May _produce_ a new __trait_ or it may result in a _protein that does _not_ work _correctly_. If the mutation results in a _protein_ that is _nonfunctional_, the _embryo _ may _not _survive. In some __rare_ cases a gene _mutation_ may have _positive_ effects. Website upload 2015 Unit 3 genetics – Unit 12 Molecular Genetics: (12.4) Gene Regulation & Mutation-class key Topic: The Living Environment ’14-‘15 Mr. Murdoch Mutations Objective: What are mutations in a somatic cell? If _mutation_ takes place in a _somatic_ (body) cell, it is __not_ passed on _to _an organism’s _offspring_. _Damage_ to a gene may_ impair_ the function of the cell. When that cell _divides_, the new cells also will __have the same _mutation_. Some _mutations of DNA in body cells affect_ genes that control cell _division__. This can _result in the cells _growing_ and _dividing_ rapidly, producing _cancer. Website upload 2015 Unit 3 genetics – Unit 12 Molecular Genetics: (12.4) Gene Regulation & Mutation-class key Topic: The Living Environment ’14-‘15 Mr. Murdoch Mutations Objective: What actually changes to cause mutations? __Changes to _DNA_ are called _mutations o change the _DNA_ o changes the _mRNA_ o may change __protein_ o may change _trait_ Website upload 2015 Unit 3 genetics – Unit 12 Molecular Genetics: (12.4) Gene Regulation & Mutation-class key Topic: The Living Environment ’14-‘15 Mr. Murdoch Point Mutations Objective: Describe what happens in a point mutation. Changes to the letters (A,C,T,G _bases_ ) in the DNA o _Point_ mutation _change_ to __ONE_ letter (_base_ ) in the DNA _may_ cause _change to protein, may not o __One_ base _change_ can _change_ the meaning of the whole _protein_ Website upload 2015 Unit 3 genetics – Unit 12 Molecular Genetics: (12.4) Gene Regulation & Mutation-class key Topic: Missense Mutations Objective: Describe a point missense mutation. Missense mutation = changes amino_ _acid_ Website upload 2015 The Living Environment ’14-‘15 Mr. Murdoch Unit 3 genetics – Unit 12 Molecular Genetics: (12.4) Gene Regulation & Mutation-class key Topic: The Living Environment ’14-‘15 Mr. Murdoch Sickle Cell Anemia Objective: Describe a specific point missense mutation. Sickle cell anemia__ __Hemoglobin protein in red blood cells o strikes 1 out of 400 African Americans o limits activity, painful & may die young Website upload 2015 Unit 3 genetics – Unit 12 Molecular Genetics: (12.4) Gene Regulation & Mutation-class key Topic: Silent Mutations Objective: Describe a point silent mutation. Silent mutation = _no_ _change_ to protein Website upload 2015 The Living Environment ’14-‘15 Mr. Murdoch Unit 3 genetics – Unit 12 Molecular Genetics: (12.4) Gene Regulation & Mutation-class key Topic: The Living Environment ’14-‘15 Mr. Murdoch Nonsense Mutations Objective: Describe a point nonsense mutation. _nonsence_ mutation = __change__ to __STOP__ Website upload 2015 Unit 3 genetics – Unit 12 Molecular Genetics: (12.4) Gene Regulation & Mutation-class key The Living Environment ’14-‘15 Mr. Murdoch Frameshift Mutations Topic: Objective: Describe an addition or deletion mutation. Frameshift mutation o _addition_ of a ___new___ letter (base) in the DNA sequence o __deletion__ of a letter (base) in the DNA sequence o _both_ of these __shift__ the ___DNA___ so it changes how the codons are read o big __changes__ to __protein__ ! o ___add___ or __delete__ one or more __bases__ o __changes__ the meaning of the whole __protein__ Website upload 2015 Unit 3 genetics – Unit 12 Molecular Genetics: (12.4) Gene Regulation & Mutation-class key Topic: The Living Environment ’14-‘15 Mr. Murdoch Frameshift Additions Objective: Describe a frameshift addition mutation. Addition = ___add___ one or more __bases__ Website upload 2015 Unit 3 genetics – Unit 12 Molecular Genetics: (12.4) Gene Regulation & Mutation-class key Topic: The Living Environment ’14-‘15 Mr. Murdoch Frameshift Deletions Objective: Describe a frameshift deletion mutation. Deletion = ___lose___ one or more __bases__ Website upload 2015 Unit 3 genetics – Unit 12 Molecular Genetics: (12.4) Gene Regulation & Mutation-class key The Living Environment ’14-‘15 Mr. Murdoch Causes of Mutations Topic: Objective: What are some causes of mutations? Causes of Mutations o Sometimes a __mistake__ in base __pairing__ during DNA _replication_. o Many _mutations_ are caused by __factors__ in the _environment_. o Any __agent__ that can cause a __change__ in DNA is called a _mutagen_. o _mutagens_ include _radiation_, _chemicals_, and even high _temperatures_. Website upload 2015 Unit 3 genetics – Unit 12 Molecular Genetics: (12.4) Gene Regulation & Mutation-class key Name: ________________ The Living Environment ’14-‘15 Mr. Murdoch Period: ____________________ Carefully remove this sheet from your packet to hand in. Work silently and alone to complete this graded exercise. Check for Understanding 1. Describe the basic idea of a mutation. 2. Explain how mutations in skin cells due to overexposure to the Sun will be hazardous to offspring. 3. Give an example of a point mutation. 4. Give an example of a frameshift mutation. Website upload 2015 Unit 3 genetics – Unit 12 Molecular Genetics: (12.4) Gene Regulation & Mutation-class key Page intentionally blank Website upload 2015 The Living Environment ’14-‘15 Mr. Murdoch Unit 3 genetics – Unit 12 Molecular Genetics: (12.4) Gene Regulation & Mutation-class key Notes page: Website upload 2015 The Living Environment ’14-‘15 Mr. Murdoch