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Psychological Disorders – Key Terms and Definitions
Antisocial personality disorder
A personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of
conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. May be
aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist.
Anxiety disorders
Psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or
maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety.
Bipolar disorder
A mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and
lethargy of depression and other overexcited state of mania.
Bio-psycho perspective
A contemporary perspective which assumes that biological, psychological, and
Sociocultural factors combine and interact to produce psychological disorders.
Delusions
False beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic
disorders.
Dissociative disorders
Disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from
previous memories, thoughts, and feelings.
Dissociative identity disorder
A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and
alternating personalities. Also called multiple personality disorder.
DSM-IV
The American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition), a widely used system for classifying
psychological disorders.
Generalized anxiety disorder
An anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a
state of autonomic nervous system arousal.
Major depressive disorder
A mood disorder in which a person, for no apparent reason, experiences two or
more weeks of depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished
interest or please in most activities.
Manic episode
A mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state.
Medical model
The concept that diseases have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated,
and in most cases, cured. When applied to psychological disorders, the medical
model assumes that these “mental” illnesses can be diagnosed on the basis of
their symptoms and cured through therapy, which may include treatment in a
psychiatric hospital.
Mood disorders
Psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes. See major
depressive disorder, manic episode, and bipolar disorder.
Neurotic disorder
A psychological disorder that is usually distressing but that allows one to think
rationally and function socially. Freud saw the neurotic disorders as ways of
dealing with anxiety.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
An anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions)
and/or actions (compulsions).
Panic disorder
An anxiety disorder marked by a minutes-long episode of intense dread in which
a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other
frightening sensations.
Personality disorders
Psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior
patterns that impair social functioning.
Phobia
An anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a
specific object or situation.
Psychological disorder
A “harmful dysfunction” in which behavior is judged to be atypical, disturbing,
maladaptive, and unjustifiable.
Psychotic disorder
A psychological disorder in which a person loses contact with reality,
experiencing irrational ideas and distorted perceptions.
Schizophrenia
A group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional
thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions.