Download Chapter 2 Packet

Chapter 2 Study Guide
Name _______________________________
PD _____
2.1 What Is Life? - Key Concepts
All living things have a cellular organization, contain similar chemicals, use energy, respond to their
surroundings, grow and develop, and reproduce. Living things arise from living things through
reproduction. All living things must satisfy their basic needs for water, food, living space, and stable
internal conditions.
2.2 Classifying Organisms - Key Concepts
Biologists use classification to organize living things into groups so that the organisms are easier to study.
The more classification levels that two organisms share, the more characteristics they have in common.
Organisms are placed into domains and kingdoms based on their cell type, their ability to make food, and
the number of cells in their bodies.
2.3 Discovering Cells - Key Concepts
Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things.
The cell theory states the following: All living things are composed of cells. Cells are the basic units of
structure and function in living things. All cells are produced from other cells.
The invention of the microscope enabled people to learn about cells. Light microscopes magnify an object
by bending light. Electron microscopes use electrons instead of light.
2.4 Looking Inside Cells - Key Concepts
A plant’s cell wall protects and supports the cell. The cell membrane controls what substances come into
and out of a cell. The nucleus directs the cell’s activities. Mitochondria convert energy in food molecules
to energy the cell can use. The endoplasmic reticulum carries materials throughout the cell.
Ribosomes produce proteins. The Golgi bodies receive materials, package them, and distribute them.
Chloroplasts capture energy from sunlight and use it to produce food for the cell. Vacuoles are the storage
areas of cells. Lysosomes contain chemicals that break down certain materials in the cell. In many-celled
organisms, cells are often organized into tissues, organs, and organ systems.
NAME ____________________________________
Period 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Chapter 2 Vocabulary – Review your vocabulary any night that you do not have written homework in science!
Section 1
What is Life? – pages 34 – 40
organism –
cell –
unicellular –
multicellular –
stimulus –
response –
development –
spontaneous generation –
autotroph –
heterotroph –
homeostasis –
Section 2
Classifying Organisms – pages 42– 49
classification –
taxonomy –
binomial nomenclature –
genus –
species –
prokaryote –
nucleus –
eukaryote –
1
Section 3
microscope -
Discovering Cells – pages 50 - 57
cell theory –
Section 4
organelle –
Looking Inside Cells – pages 60 - 67
cell wall –
cell membrane –
cytoplasm –
mitochondria –
endoplasmic reticulum –
ribosome –
Golgi body –
chloroplast –
vacuole –
lysosome –
2
Name ________________________
Reading Assignment 2.1 - pp. 34-40
Period 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Date _________________
What is Life?
I.
Before you read skim the section title, topics within the title, and sub-topics.
Look at the visuals and read the captions. What will you read about?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
II.
Read the questions below. Look for answers as you read.
1.
The scientific term for a living thing is ___________________________.
2.
The basic building blocks of all organisms are__________________.
3.
The most abundant chemical in cells is ______________.
4.
_________________ organisms, such as bacteria, have only one cell.
5.
_________________ organisms are composed of many cells.
6.
A change in an organism’s environment that causes that organism to react is
called a(n) ________________________.
7.
A _________________ is a reaction to a stimulus.
8.
Give five reasons (from the book) why living things need water:
a.
d.
b.
e.
c.
9.
Organisms that make their own food are called ___________________________.
10.
Organisms that get energy by consuming other organisms are _______________.
11.
Define “homeostasis”. ____________________________________________________
3
Name _____________________________________________
Review and Reinforce 2.1 – pages 34 – 40
PD 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Date __________________
What Is Life?
Understanding Main Ideas
1. What are six characteristics all living things share?
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
2. How did Redi’s experiment help disprove the idea of spontaneous generation?
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
3. What are the four basic needs all living things must satisfy?
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
4. Describe the difference between growth and development.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Building Vocabulary - From the list below, choose the term that best completes each sentence.
autotrophs
unicellular
spontaneous generation
response
manipulated variable
heterotrophs
multicellular
homeostasis
cell
organisms
stimulus
reproduce
5. A change in an organism’s environment that causes the organism to react is called a(n) ____________________.
6. Organisms that make their own food are ____________________.
7. ____________________ organisms are composed of many cells.
8. _____________________________________ is the mistaken idea that living organisms arise from nonliving sources.
9. Living things are also called ____________________.
10. The ____________________ is the basic unit of structure in an organism.
11. Organisms that get energy by consuming other organisms are ____________________.
12. An organism reacts to a stimulus with a(n) ____________________.
13. A controlled experiment is conducted by performing two tests that are identical except for one
factor called the ____________________ .
14. An organism’s ability to maintain stable internal conditions is called ____________________.
15. To ____________________ is to produce offspring that are similar to the parents.
16. Bacteria, the most numerous organisms on Earth, are ____________________ organisms.
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2.1 Vocabulary
Name ______________________________ PD ____
Across
5. an organism that cannot make its own food
6. an action or change in behavior that occurs in reaction to a stimulus
7. a change in an organism’s surroundings that causes the organism to react
9. organisms that consist of many cells
10. made of a single cell
Down
1. the process of change that occurs during an organism’s life to produce a more complex organism
2. the mistaken idea that living things arise from non-living sources
3. an organism that makes its own food
4. a living thing
5. the maintenance of stable internal conditions in an organism
8. the basic unit of structure and function in an organism
5
Name _________________________
Reading Assignment 2.2 - pp.42 - 49
Period 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Date _________________
Classifying Organisms
I. Before you read skim the section title, topics within the title, and subtopics. Look at the visuals
and read the captions. What will you read about?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
II. After you have read complete the following questions.
1.
The scientific study of how living things are classified is called _________________.
2.
Linnaeus placed organisms into groups based on their features that he could ______________.
3.
In Linnaeus’s naming system, called ______________________________,
each organism is given a two-part name.
4.
A ________________ is a group of similar organisms that can mate with each other and produce
offspring that can also mate and reproduce.
5.
Felis concolor is the scientific name for mountain lions. To which genus do mountain lions belong?
What is the species?
Genus: ________________________ Species: ________________________
6.
Circle the letter of the sentence that is not true about binomial nomenclature.
a.
A scientific name is written in italics.
b.
Many scientific names are in Latin because Latin was the language of
scientists during Linnaeus’s time.
c.
The genus name begins with a small letter.
d.
Binomial nomenclature makes it easier for scientists to talk about an organism.
7.
List the seven levels of classification used by modern biologists in order
from the broadest level to the most specific level.
1.__________________________
5.__________________________
2.__________________________
6.__________________________
3.__________________________
7.__________________________
4.__________________________
8.
T or F? The more classification levels that two organisms share, the more characteristics they
have in common.
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9.
Circle the letter of the sentence that is true about bacteria.
a. Bacteria can be either autotrophic or heterotrophic.
b. Bacteria are prokaryotes.
c. Bacteria have a cell nucleus.
d. Bacteria do not have nucleic acids.
10.
A dense area in a cell that contains nucleic acids is a(n) _____________________.
11.
The Greek meaning of the word “archaea” is ___________________. Why is that an appropriate
name for members of this kingdom?
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
12.
Some members of Domain Eukarya called __________ can be either unicellular or multicellular.
13.
Protists differ from bacteria and archaea because they have a(n) ________________.
14.
Circle the letter of each characteristic of fungi.
a.
c.
eukaryotes
autotrophs
b.
d.
prokaryotes
heterotrophs
15.
Plants are ________________________; they can make their own food.
16.
Circle the letter of each characteristic of animals.
a.
c.
unicellular
eukaryotes
b.
d.
heterotrophs
autotrophs
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Life Science - 2.2 Vocabulary
NAME ______________________________
PD ___
Across
3. the scientific study of how living things are classified
6. an organism whose cells contain nuclei
7. a group of organisms that are physically similar and can mate with each other & produce offspring that can also mate &
reproduce
8. control center of a eukaryotic cell - directs cell’s activities & contains information that determines the cell’s form &
function
Down
1. the process of grouping things based on their similarities
2. an organism whose cells lack a nucleus and some other cell structures
4. system of naming organisms - each organism is given a unique, 2 part scientific name
5. a classification grouping that consists of a number of similar, closely related species
8
We will complete this graphic organizer in class.
2.2 – Classifying Organisms
Organisms are placed into one of six kingdoms based on:
The number of cells they have.
The type of cells they have.
The way they get their food.
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Name _____________________________________________
PD 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Review and Reinforce 2.2 – pages 42 – 49
Date _______________________
Classifying Organisms
Understanding Main Ideas - Answer the following questions in the space provided.
1. List the major levels of classification, starting with the highest level.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. What three characteristics are used to place organisms into domains and kingdoms?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Building Vocabulary - Match each term with its definition by writing the letter of the correct definition in
the right column on the line beside the term in the left column.
____ 3. classification
a. naming system developed by Carolus Linnaeus
____ 4. binomial nomenclature
b. process of grouping things based on their similarities
____ 5. eukaryote
c. first word in an organism’s scientific name
____ 6. genus
____ 7. species
____ 8. taxonomy
____ 9. prokaryote
____ 10. nucleus
d. organism whose cell lacks a nucleus
e. a group of organisms that can mate and produce offspring
that can also mate and reproduce
f. the scientific study of how things are classified
g. organism whose cell(s) contain a nucleus
h. dense area in a cell that contains nucleic acids
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Name ___________________________________________
Reading Assignment 2.3 – Pages 50-57
Period 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Date ___________________________
I. Before you read – Skim the section titles, topics within the title, and subtopics. Look at the visuals and read
the captions. What will you read about?
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
II. As you read, look for the answers to the questions below.
III. After you have read, complete the questions below. If you are unsure of an answer, refer to the reading!
Use Target Reading Skills
As you read, construct a flowchart showing how the work of Hooke, Leeuwenhoek, Schleiden,
Schwann, and Virchow contributed to scientific understanding of cells. For each cell, be sure to
answer the questions: Who? What? When?
DISCOVERING CELLS
Hooke sees cells in cork.
↓
↓
↓
↓
An Overview of Cells
1.
What are cells? ________________________________________________________________
2.
What did the invention of the microscope make possible? ______________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
3.
An instrument that makes small objects look larger is a(n) ______________________________.
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4. Is the following sentence true or false? (circle one) A compound microscope has only one lens.
5. Complete the following table about the first people to observe cells.
The First People to Observe Cells
Questions
Robert Hooke
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
What kind of microscope did he use?
What did he first look at with the microscope?
Development of the Cell Theory
6. Is the following sentence true or false? Theodor Schwann worked alone to develop the cell theory.
7. List the three points of the cell theory.
a. ___________________________________________________________________
b. ___________________________________________________________________
c. ___________________________________________________________________
8. TRUE or FALSE? Magnification is the ability to make things look larger than they are.
9. How do the lenses of a light microscope make an object look larger? ______________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
10. In a convex lens, the _______________ of the lens is thicker than the _______________ .
11. What is resolution? __________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
12. A microscope that uses a beam of electrons to examine a specimen is called a(n) ____________
13. Circle the letter of the microscope that has better resolution.
a.
light microscope
b.
electron microscope
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Name _____________________________________________
PD 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Review and Reinforce 2.3 – pages 50 – 57
Date _____________________
Discovering Cells
Understanding Main Ideas - Fill in the blanks in the table below.
Discovering Cells
Scientist
Contribution
1.
_________________________ One of the first people to observe cells
__
Leeuwenhoek
2. ___________________________
3.
_________________________ Concluded that all plants are made up of cells
__
Schwann
4. ___________________________
5.
_________________________ Proposed that all cells come from other cells
__
Answer the following questions below.
6. Compare and contrast magnification and resolution.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
7. State how an electron microscope differs from a light microscope.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
8. Explain how cells are related to living things.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Building Vocabulary - Match each term with its definition by writing the letter of the correct definition
in the blank beside the term.
____ 9. cell
____ 10. microscope
____ 11. cell theory
a. a widely accepted explanation of the relationship between cells &
living things
b. the basic unit of structure and function in living things
c. an instrument that makes small objects look larger
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Name ________________________________
Period 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Read the passage below and then answer the questions on the back of this sheet.
Robert Hooke
One of the first people to observe cells was the
English scientist and inventor Robert Hooke. Hooke
built his own compound microscope, which was one
of the best microscopes of his time. In 1663, Hooke
used his microscope to observe the structure of a
thin slice of cork. Cork, the bark of the cork oak tree,
is made up of cells that are no longer alive. To
Hooke, the empty spaces in the cork looked like tiny
rectangular rooms. Therefore, Hooke called the
empty spaces cells, which is a word meaning “small
rooms.”
Hooke described his observations this way: “These
pores, or cells, were not very deep, but consisted of
a great many little boxes.. . .” What most amazed
Hooke was how many cells the cork contained. He
calculated that in a cubic inch there were about
twelve hundred million cells—a number he
described as “almost incredible.”
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
At about the same time that Robert Hooke made his
discovery, Anton van Leeuwenhoek (lay vun hook)
also began to observe tiny objects with
microscopes. Leeuwenhoek was a Dutch
businessman who sold cloth. In his spare time, he
built simple microscopes.
Leeuwenhoek looked at drops of lake water,
scrapings from teeth and gums, and water from rain
gutters. In many materials, Leeuwenhoek was
surprised to find a variety of one-celled organisms.
Leeuwenhoek noted that many of these tiny
organisms moved. Some whirled, some hopped,
and some shot through water like fast fish. He called
these moving organisms animalcules (an ih mal
kyoolz), meaning “little animals.”
Development of the Cell Theory
Leeuwenhoek’s exciting discoveries caught the
attention of other researchers. Like Hooke,
Leeuwenhoek, and all good scientists, these other
researchers were curious about the world around
them, including things they couldn’t normally see.
Many other people began to use microscopes to
discover what secrets they could learn about cells.
Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow
Three German scientists made especially important
contributions to people’s knowledge about cells.
These scientists were Matthias Schleiden (shly
dun), Theodor Schwann, and Rudolf Virchow (fur
koh). In 1838, Schleiden concluded that all plants
are made of cells. He based this conclusion on his
own research and on the research of others before
him. The next year, Theodor Schwann concluded
that all animals are also made up of cells. Thus,
stated Schwann, all living things are made up of
cells.
Schleiden and Schwann had made an important
discovery about living things. However, they didn’t
explain where cells came from. Until their time, most
people thought that living things could come from
nonliving matter. In 1855, Virchow proposed that
new cells are formed only from cells that already
exist. “All cells come from cells,” wrote Virchow.
What the Cell Theory Says
Schleiden, Schwann, Virchow, and others helped
develop the cell theory. The cell theory is a widely
accepted explanation of the relationship between
cells and living things. The cell theory states the
following:
- All living things are composed of cells.
- Cells are the basic units of structure & function in living
things.
- All cells are produced from other cells.
The cell theory holds true for all living things, no
matter how big or small. Since cells are common to
all living things, they can provide information about
the functions that living things perform. Because all
cells come from other cells, scientists can study
cells to learn about growth and reproduction.
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How did Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow contribute to the understanding of cells? Give specific examples
from the selection to support your answer. Approximately how much time passed between the contributions of
Hooke and Virchow? Why do you think it took so long for the conclusion that “All cells come from cells,” to be
developed? Limit your response to the space provided below.
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Name __________________________________________
Period 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Using a Microscope
The importance of the microscope in the history of medicine and our understanding of diseases should not be
underestimated. Microscopes are expensive instruments and require special care when using them.
Identify the parts of the compound microscope.
Directions: Show that you know something about a microscope by filling in the blanks below.
15. If you have to carry a microscope, put one hand on the ____________ and the other hand on
the _________________.
16. When finished with the microscope, turn off the _______________ and turn the
_______________ in place.
17. What power objective do you use first when focusing a specimen? ______________.
18. You should NOT use the coarse adjustment when using high power because you could
damage the _____________________.
19. some microscopes do not have an electric light source. Instead they have a
____________________.
20. When focusing the high power objective, you should only use the _________________ focus.
21. What is the magnification power of the eyepiece? ___________X.
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Name ________________________________________________
Class 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Reading Assignment 2.4 – Pages 60-67
Date ____________________
I. Before you read – Skim the section titles, topics within the title, and subtopics. Look at the visuals and read
the captions. What will you read about?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
II. As you read, look for the answers to the questions below.
III. After you have read, complete the questions below. If you are unsure of an answer, refer to the reading!
1. What are organelles?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Enter the Cell
2. The rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds plant cells is the ______________________
3. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about the cell wall.
a. Cell walls are made of cellulose.
b. Plant cells have cell walls.
c. Animal cells have cell walls.
d. Water & oxygen cannot pass through the cell wall.
4. What does the cell wall do?
_______________________________________________________________________
5. Where is the cell membrane located in cells that have cell walls? _______________________
6. Where is the cell membrane located in cells that do NOT have cell walls? ________________
7. TRUE or FALSE? The main function of the cell membrane is to control what comes into and
out of a cell.
Sail On to the Nucleus
8. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about the nucleus.
a. Materials pass in and out of the nucleus through pores in the nuclear envelope.
b. Chromatin contains the instructions that direct the functions of a cell.
c. The nucleolus is part of the nuclear envelope.
d. Ribosomes are made in the nucleolus.
Organelles in the Cytoplasm
9. Circle the letter of the part of the cell that is the region between the cell membrane and the
nucleus.
a. organelle
c. cytoplasm
b. nucleus
d. chromatin
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10. In the table below, describe the function of each organelle in the cytoplasm.
Organelles in Cytoplasm
Organelle
Mitochondria
Endoplasmic reticulum
Ribosomes
Golgi bodies
Chloroplasts
Vacuoles
Lysosomes
Function
Specialized Cells
11. In a many-celled organism, cells are specialized to perform different ___________________.
12. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about specialized cells.
a. In many-celled organisms, cells are often organized into tissues.
b. An organ system is made up of similar tissues.
c. A tissue is a group of cells that work together to perform a specific function.
d. A group of organs that work together to perform a major function is called an organ
system.
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Name _____________________________________________
PD 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Review and Reinforce 2.4 – pages 60 – 67
Date _____________________
Understanding Main Ideas - Identify each of the cell structures in the simplified animal cell.
______________________________ 1.
______________________________ 2.
______________________________ 3.
______________________________ 4.
______________________________ 5 .
Building Vocabulary
Fill in the blank to complete each statement.
cell wall
nucleus
mitochondria
Ribosomes
chloroplasts
lysosomes
organelles
cell membrane
cytoplasm
endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi bodies
vacuole
6. _________________________ are tiny cell structures that carry out specific functions within the cell.
7. The rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants and other organisms is called
the _________________________ .
8. In cells without cell walls, the _________________________forms the outside boundary that separates
the cell from its environment.
9. The _________________________ is a large, oval structure that directs all of the cell’s activities.
10. The region between the cell membrane and the nucleus is called the _________________________.
11. _________________________ produce most of the energy the cell needs to carry out its functions.
12. A maze of passageways called the _________________________ carries proteins and other
materials from one part of the cell to another.
13. _________________________ function as factories to produce proteins.
14. _________________________ receive proteins & other newly formed materials & distribute them to
other parts of the cell.
15. Organelles called _________________________ capture energy from sunlight and use it to produce
food for the cell.
16. The storage area of a cell is called a(n) _________________________.
17. _________________________ are small, round structures in cells that break down large food particles
into smaller ones.
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2.3 & 2.4 Vocabulary
Name __________________________________ PD ___
Across
1. a widely accepted explanation of the relationship between cells and living things
6. a rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants & some other organisms
8. a structure in a cell that receives proteins & other newly formed materials from the endoplasmic reticulum, packages them, and
distributes them to other parts of the cell
10. a cell structure that forms passageways in which proteins and other materials are carried through the cell
11. the outside cell boundary that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell
12. a small grain-like structure in the cytoplasm of a cell where proteins are made
Down
2. a tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell
3. a sac inside a cell that acts as a storage area
4. an instrument that makes small objects look larger
5. a small, round cell structure containing chemicals that break down large food particles into smaller ones
6. a structure in the cells of plants & some other organisms that captures energy from sunlight & uses it to produce food
7. the material within a cell apart from the nucleus
9. rod-shaped cell structures that convert energy in food molecules to energy the cell can use to carry out its functions
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Name ______________________________________
Organelles in the Cytoplasm
ORGANELLE
cell wall
cell membrane
cytoplasm
nucleus
mitochondria
endoplasmic reticulum
ribosomes
golgi bodies
chloroplasts
vacuoles
lysosomes
PLANT
ANIMAL
BOTH
Period 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
FUNCTION
stiff wall surrounding the membrane;
giving cell a rigid, boxlike shape
forms a barrier between the
cytoplasm and the environment
outside the cell.
gel-like fluid in which many different
organelles are found
directs all the cell’s activities including
reproduction
most of the cell’s energy is produced
in this rod-shaped organelle
passageways that carry proteins and
other materials from one part of the
cell to another
small grain like bodies attached to
some surfaces of the endoplasmic
reticulum; factories to produce
proteins
receive materials from the
endoplasmic reticulum and send them
to other parts of the cell; also release
materials outside the cell
capture energy from sunlight and use
it to produce food for the cell
store water, food, waste products,
and other materials; most mature
plant cells have one large vacuole;
some animals cells have vacuoles
also
contain chemicals that break down
food particles
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Name ____________________________________
Period 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Color the plant cell according to the key below.
Cell Membrane (orange)
Golgi Body (dark blue)
Mitochondria (red)
Ribosomes (purple)
Vacuole (light blue)
Cytoplasm (white)
Cell Wall (dark green)
Endoplasmic Reticulum (pink)
Nucleus (brown)
Chloroplasts (light green)
Analysis: Answer the questions using complete sentences.
1. Name two things found in a plant cell that are not found in an animal cell.
2. How does the shape of a plant cell differ from that of an animal cell?
3. What is the function of the chloroplasts?
4. What is the function of the vacuole?
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Name ______________________________________
Vocabulary Bingo – Chapter 2
Period 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Use a pen and your vocabulary terms to complete the Bingo card below. Add one term per
space. Do not use any terms more than once! This must be completed before class to
participate!
B
I
N
G
O
FREE SPACE
Choose your terms from the list below. Be sure to spell each term correctly!
organism
autotroph
prokaryote
mitochondria
cell
heterotroph
nucleus
endoplasmic reticulum
unicellular
homeostasis
eukaryote
ribosome
multicellular
classification
cell theory
Golgi body
stimulus
taxonomy
organelle
chloroplast
response
binomial nomenclature
cell wall
vacuole
development
genus
cell membrane
lysosome
spontaneous generation
species
cytoplasm
microscope
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