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Transcript
Relay for Life Register this week! Let’s fight cancer together! Entertainment all night, food all night! Relay for Life! April 12th at the OMAC! 6am-6pm relayforlife.org/brown Regrade Requests due by 5 PM today Week 6 Hmwk. due Friday Note: Week 6 Homework Hints! Before class on Friday: Watch the Movies! Coming up Next Week: The Double Helix Is this letter worth One Million Dollars? Meaning? Time to start reading “The Double Helix” by J. D. Watson Coming up Next Week: The Double Helix Anabolism - pathways that build up complex molecules Catabolism - pathways that break complex molecules down Metabolism - the sum total of chemical pathways in the cell Glycolysis & the Krebs Cycle Energy and the Cell The Role of ATP Glycolysis Electron Carriers Krebs Cycle The Mitochondrion C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 +6H2O ∆G = - 686 kcal/mole 1) How to release energy slowly? 2) How to capture that energy and distribute it throughout the cell? ATP Adenosine Triphosphate Adenine Phosphate groups Ribose The tri-phosphonucleotide ATP is the cell’s primary means of storing and transferring small amounts of chemical energy. ATP + H2O ADP + Pi ∆G = - 7 kcal/mole (approx.) Question: “I thought energy was relesed when bonds were formed, not when they are broken!” Answer: That’s still true. Look at the whole picture! Broken: (1) P—O bond, (1) H—O bond Formed: (1) P—O bond, (1) H—O bond ATP + H2O ADP + Pi ∆G = - 7 kcal/mole (approx.) ATP ADP Energy Adenosine diphosphate + Phosphate ATP + H2O Energy Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) ADP + Pi ∆G = - 7 kcal/mole ATP provides chemical energy for a wide variety of chemical processes (ion transport, internal movement, chemical signaling, & molecular synthesis) An overview of Cellular Respiration Electrons carried in NADH Pyruvic acid Glucose Glycolysis Cytoplasm C6H12O6 + 6O2 Mitochondrion Electrons carried in NADH and Krebs FADH2 Cycle Electron Transport Chain Mitochondrion 6CO2 +6H2O GLYCOLYSIS “Sugar-Breaking” Glycolysis is a pathway in the cytoplasm of all cells. Glucose (C6) enters the pathway. Two molecules of pyruvate (C3) leave glycolysis. Summary of Glycolysis: glucose 2ATP 2NAD+ 4ATP 2NADH pyruvate 2 ATPs used to start pathway. 4 ATPs produced (net gain: 2) 2 molecules of NAD+ converted to 2 of NADH NAD+ A soluble, highenergy electron acceptor. It can accept, hold, and transfer 2 highenergy electrons. eNAD+ e- H+ NADH H+ H+ 2 ATP (net) = 14 kCal Glucose (total) = 686 kCal At the end of Glycolysis: How are we doing in terms of energy captured in the form of ATP? So far, we have released (captured) very little energy (2 ATPs ~ 14 kcal) . . . . And we have not used any oxygen. What’s missing? The mitochondrion An overview of Cellular Respiration Electrons carried in NADH Pyruvic acid Glucose Glycolysis Cytoplasm C6H12O6 + 6O2 Mitochondrion Electrons carried in NADH and Krebs FADH2 Cycle Electron Transport Chain Mitochondrion 6CO2 +6H2O Pyruvate, the final product of glycolysis, enters the mitochondrion through a transport protein.... ... and is converted to Acetyl Coenzyme A. Summing Up: What does the Krebs Cycle Accomplish? 2 pyruvates enter Cycle 6 CO2 released 2 ATPs (+2 from Glycolysis) + high-energy electrons passed to carrier molecules: 8 NADH (+2 from Glycolysis) 2 FADH2 Four unsolved mysteries 1) What happens to those reduced electron carriers? 2) How do we make enough ATP to make this worthwhile? 3) Why do we need oxygen? (it hasn't been used yet!) 4) Why is Krebs cycle located in the mitochondrion?