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Mendel was an Austrian monk during the 1800s, that studied the genetics of pea plants. Mendel is considered the father of genetics. He chose to work with pea plants because they reproduce sexually, which means they need male and female sex cells. Mendel made three key decisions when it came to this experiment: ◦ He had control over breeding. ◦ Chose only purebred plants. ◦ Studied traits that were either or, not a blending. Mendel had to transfer pollen from one plant to another, this is called making a cross. Mendel came up with 2 laws the first is the law of segregation. The law of segregation comes in 2 parts: ◦ Organisms inherit 2 copies of each gene, 1 from each parent. ◦ Organisms donate only 1 copy of each gene in their gametes. Why is Mendel considered the “father of genetics?” Genes are pieces of DNA that provide a set of instructions to cells to make a particular protein. Each gene has a particular spot on a specific chromosome. An allele is any possible variation of a particular gene. An example of a gene is “eye color” An example of an allele is “Brown eyes” Dominant allele are the alleles that are expressed when an organism is a hybrid. They are always expressed with a capital letter. ◦ Example: Tt the capital T represents a tall allele. Also, the organism will be tall, because the capital T is dominant. Recessive alleles are the alleles that are hidden when an organism is a hybrid. They are always expressed with a lower case letter. ◦ Example: Tt the small t represents a short allele. Also, the organism will be tall, because the small t is hidden. Factors other than genes effect the way an organism looks. poor nutrition, lack of sun, water or shelter can effect an organisms phenotype. What is the difference between a gene and an allele? There are different names for gene combinations. Homozygous ◦ Means same genes ◦ Either BB (homozygous (dominant) Brown eyes) the letters are the same bb (homozygous (recessive) blue eyes) the letters are the same Heterozygous ◦ Means different genes ◦ Bb (heterozygous Brown eyes) the letters are different How do the color of your eyes compare to your parents or other family members? Why can’t a person be heterozygous recessive? A genome, is a map of all of the genetic information an organism has. A genotype generally refers to the genetic combination of 1 trait for an organism. ◦ An example would be: BB (which are the genes that will yield a specific color) A phenotype generally refers to the physical appearance of 1 trait for an organism. ◦ An example might be: Sam has brown eyes. Which one can you tell right away by looking at a person? Genotype or Phenotype? Explain. A Punnett square is a system for predicting all possible genotypes resulting from a cross. The parents alleles go along the top and left hand edges of each box. P: The parent generation of which the original cross is made F1: The first generation of offspring resulting from the cross F2: The second generation of offspring (usually a result of the F1 crosses) monohybrid ◦ Mono=one A cross monohybrid cross shows a cross that examines the inheritance of a single trait. TTxtt TTxTt Tt x Tt Do a punnett square for a short woman and a heterozygous tall man. Dihybrid ◦ Di=two A cross Dihybrid cross shows a cross that examines the inheritance of 2 different traits. Mendel’s second law: The law of independent assortment: ◦ Allele pairs separate independently of each other during gamete formation. ◦ Different traits are inherited separately from each other (twister). Probability is the likelihood that a particular event will happen. Predicts average; not exact. Frequency / outcomes