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Mutations *Warm Up* • Title page 81: Mutation Notes • Title page 82: Mutation Critical Writing •Only answer #s 1, 2, 3, 4 •Turn in to black files •Pick up notes and glue on page 81. Mutations • A mutation is any change in DNA • If DNA mutates, you change amino acids proteins which changes ____________, which changes traits _______________. • The more amino acids affected, the more severe the mutation. What causes mutations? • Mutations can be caused by errors in replication, transcription, cell division, or by external agents. • What are some external agents that could cause a mutation? Causes of Mutations Any agent that can cause a change in DNA is called a mutagen. Mutagens include radiation, chemicals, and even high temperatures. Forms of radiation, such as X rays, cosmic rays, ultraviolet light, and nuclear radiation, are dangerous mutagens because the energy they contain can damage or break apart DNA. Mutations in reproductive cells • Mutations can affect the reproductive cells of an organism by changing the sequence of sperm Reproductive cells are egg and nucleotides within a gene in a sperm or an egg cell. Egg and sperm are referred to as GAMETES. • If this cell takes part in fertilization, the altered gene would become part of the genetic makeup of the offspring. Mutations in body cells • Damage to a gene may impair the function of the cell. Body cells are any cell that are NOT • When that cell divides, the new cells also will have gametes. the same mutation. Body cells are referred as cells SOMATIC cells • Some mutations of DNA in to body affect genes that control cell division. • This can result in the cells growing and dividing rapidly, producing cancer. Mutation must occur in a gamete for it to be hereditary. Types of Mutations • Point Mutations • Frameshift Mutations • Chromosomal Mutations The effects of point mutations • A point mutation is a change in a single base pair in DNA. • Usually changes 1 amino acid Normal: THE DOG BIT THE CAT Mutated: THE DOG BIT THE CAR A change in a single nitrogenous base can change the entire structure of a protein because a change in a single amino acid can affect the shape of the protein. Point Mutations mRNA Normal Protein Stop Replace G with A mRNA Point mutation Protein Stop Point Mutation Diseases • Cystic fibrosis • Sickle Cell anemia Frameshift mutations • Two types of frameshift mutations: Insertion or deletion of nitrogen bases THE DOG BIT THE CAT THE DOB ITT HEC AT • DNA is read in groups of 3’s so when an addition or deletion occurs, the other nitrogen bases must shift over to fill the hole • Changes all amino acids after the mutation Frameshift mutations Deletion of U Frameshift mutation mRNA Protein Frameshift Mutation Diseases • Tay Sachs Chromosomal Mutations • Extra or missing all or part of a chromosome • Chromosomes contain millions of nitrogen bases which affect 1000’s of amino acids Chromosomal Mutation Diseases • Down’s Syndrome – 1 extra 21st chromosome • Turner Syndrome – missing an X chromosome 2 Instances when a mutation will NOT cause an issue: • If the mutation results in the same amino acid • UCU and UCC both code for serine Mutation Critical Writing Sentence Starters: • What is a mutation? • What are the types of mutations? • What can mutations cause? • How can a mutation be passed down to your child?