Download Enzyme - My CCSD

Interactive Notebook (INB) SetUp
• First, number every single page front and back,
starting with the very first page as #1. Number up
to 140.
• Put numbers on top outside corner, away from the
spiral.
Even #
Odd #
Science Interactive Notebook Setup
1
Glue Handout Titled:
Biology Interactive Notebook
on the front page.
Cut it down to size.
Fill in name and period.
Tape in:
• Pg. 1 Name Page-fill in the 3 blanks
• Pg. 2 Top-10
Catalysts Speed it Up
1. Define:
a. Activation Energy
b. Catalyst
c. Enzymes
d. Active site
e. Substrate
f. Catalysis
2. How do catalysts speed up a
reaction?
3. Why is the spark a catalyst?
4. Why are catalysts important to the
human body?
5. What do inhibitors do to
reactions?
6. Why are inhibitors necessary?
7. Enzymes are(pick one)
Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins
8. How is an enzyme like a lock and
key?
Pg. 3
9. What does it mean when it
says an enzyme is specific.
10. Describe the 4 steps in the
process of an enzyme working.
11. What is the substrate called
after it is released from the
enzyme?
12. What are 4 things that can
affect enzyme activity?
13. Why does temperature “mess
up” an enzyme?
14. What is the function of an
activator?
15. What does pH measure?
16. How do inhibitors work?
In Pg. 4
•What is an enzyme?
Do it again pg.4
•What would happen without enzymes?
Notes Cornell Style Pg. 5
•Notes – Cornell Style
•Questions in Red
•Answer in blue, black or pencil
•Summary – 5 sentences in Green
Title = Enzymes:
“Helper” Protein molecules
What are the Chemical
reactions of life
•Processes of life
–building molecules
•synthesis
+
–breaking down molecules
•digestion
+
Nothing works without enzymes!
•How important are enzymes?
–all chemical reactions in living organisms
require enzymes to work
enzyme
•building molecules
–synthesis enzymes
+
•breaking down molecules
We can’t live
without enzymes!
–digestive enzymes
–enzymes speed up reactions
•“catalysts”
enzyme
+
What are Enzymes
•A protein catalyst
• Enzymes are important
proteins found in living
things. An enzyme is a
protein that changes the
rate of a chemical
reaction.
• They speed metabolic
reactions.
What are some Examples
 synthesis
+
enzyme
 digestion
enzyme
+
Why are Enzymes proteins?
•Each enzyme is the specific helper to
a specific reaction
–each enzyme needs to be the right shape
for the job
–enzymes are named for the reaction
they help
Oh, I get it!
They end
in -ase
•sucrase breaks down sucrose
•proteases breakdown proteins
•lipases breakdown lipids
•DNA polymerase builds DNA
Enzymes aren’t used up
•Enzymes are not changed by the reaction
–used only temporarily
–re-used again for the same reaction with other
molecules
–very little enzyme needed to help in many
reactions
substrate
active site
product
enzyme
Why does shape matter!
•Lock & Key model
–shape of protein
allows enzyme &
substrate to fit
–specific enzyme
for each specific
reaction
2
1
3
What is some Enzyme
vocabulary?
•Enzyme
–helper protein molecule
•Substrate
–molecule that enzymes work on
•Products
–what the enzyme helps produce from the
reaction
•Active site
–part of enzyme
that substrate
molecule fits into
What affects enzyme action
•Correct protein structure
–correct order of amino acids
–why? enzyme has to be right shape
•Temperature
–why? enzyme has to be right shape
•pH (acids & bases)
–why? enzyme has to be right shape
What is the Order of amino
acids?
•Wrong order = wrong shape = can’t do its job!
chain of
amino acids
DNA
folded
protein
right shape!
folded
protein
chain of
amino acids
DNA
wrong shape!
Why is Temperature important?
•Effect on rates of enzyme activity
–Optimum temperature
•greatest number of collisions between
enzyme & substrate
•human enzymes
–35°- 40°C (body temp = 37°C)
–Raise temperature (boiling)
•denature protein = unfold = lose shape
–Lower temperature T°
•molecules move slower
•fewer collisions between enzyme &
substrate
Temperature
reaction rate
human
enzymes
37°
temperature
What’s
happening
here?!
Why is pH important
•Effect on rates of enzyme activity
–changes in pH changes protein shape~
Denatures
–most human enzymes = pH 6-8
•depends on where in body
•pepsin (stomach) = pH 3
•trypsin (small intestines) = pH 8
pH
intestines
trypsin
What’s
happening
here?!
reaction rate
stomach
pepsin
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
pH
7
8
9
10 11 12 13 14
For enzymes…
What matters?
SHAPE!
What is Enzyme structure
Active site
Substrates
Enzyme
What is the Lock and Key
Model
Substrates
Product
Active site
Enzyme
Enzyme
How do Enzymes effect
chemical reactions
Enzymes provide a “work place” for
reactions to occur.
How many products are made?
sucrose
glucose + fructose
Summary
•Green ink
•5 sentences
Do it again pg. 4
•Explain the lock and key model of the
enzyme substrate complex.
Out Pg. 4
• Draw the diagram
• Label the enzyme,
active site and
substrates.
• Highlight your labels.
In Pg. 6
•What is the job of an enzyme?
Do it now pg. 6 – this is review
so it is long ;-(
•What is a hypothesis? What is the
dependent and independent variable
and were do they get placed in the
chart and on the graph?
•This was review of the first quarter –
you know these answers…….
Lab Pg. 7 Toothpickase
•Staple tape or glue the lab as a flap – so I
can see both sides to page 7, after it is
finished.
•If you are lazy and leave it laying in the lab
area I will instruct my aides and students
to throw it away.
•Lab is worth 300 pts.
In Pg. 10
•What did Rosiland Franklin do?
Do it Now Pg. 10
• What is X-Ray diffraction?
Title Page
1. Write the topic for the
unit in the middle of the
paper and box it in.
2. Divide the paper into
3 equal sections.
3. Put a subtopic/key
word in each section.
4. Add an appropriate
picture to each
section(no stick
figures).
5. Each section must
have 3 different
colors(black and white
don’t count). Don’t use
the same 3 colors for 2
different sections.
DNA History
11
Use Ch 11 in the
textbook
Pg. 286
Unit 1: DNA and
RNA
DNA STRUCTURE
RNA Structure and Function
Do it again Pg. 10
• Who are three Scientists who took part
in the history of the DNA Molecule?
Out Pg. 10
•Draw a picture of DNA
In Pg. 14
•What did Fredrick Griffith Experiment
on?
Do it Now Pg. 14
•Write this out and fill in the blank:
•Fredrick Griffith found the ___________
Factor but did not know what it was.
Cornell Notes-Ch 11
DNA and RNA
Pg. 15
What are monomers and
polymers?
• Monomers=small
molecules.
• Polymers=large
molecules made of
monomers bonded
together.
What are Nucleic Acids?
• A type of polymer.
• 2 types—DNA and RNA
• Made of monomers called
nucleotides.
– Nucleotide has 3 parts:
Phosphate group
Sugar
Nitrogenous base
– Nucleotides bond together
to make long molecules of
DNA or RNA.
What is DNA’s purpose?
• DNA contains all the genetic information
for the organism.
• It determines the traits an organism will
have.
• It does this by coding for the proteins that
an organism makes.
– That’s all it does----it’s a blue print for proteins
So why are proteins so important?
• Remember—Enzymes are proteins that are
biological catalysts.
• They control every chemical reaction in living
things.
• DNA controls what enzymes are made, therefore
it controls the chemical reactions that make
every substance in a living thing.
• Not all proteins are enzymes
• Some are structural, meaning they build our
bodies.
– Keretin (the protein that makes up hair and nails),
muscle tissue, hemoglobin(Carries oxygen in red
blood cells)
Where is DNA?
• DNA is located in the
nucleus of cells.
Draw this
What is the structure of DNA?
A nucleotide of DNA consists of:
1. Phosphate group
2. Deoxribose sugar
3. 1 of 4 nitrogenous bases
Adenine(A)
Guanine(G)
Cytosine(C)
Thymine(T)
What is the DNA molecule?
• Double helix (twisted
ladder)
– 2 strands of
sugar/phosphate
backbones connected by
a pair of bases.
– Bases are held together
by bonds.
• Base Pairing Rule=says
that complementary bases
will always pair together in
a DNA molecule.
• Complementary base pairs
– A-T
– C-G
RNA
• A nucleic acid
• Made in nucleolus
Differences from DNA:
1. Ribose sugar
2. Single stranded
3. Uracil(U)-replaces Thymine(T)
4. Shorter than DNA
Types:
1. mRNA-messenger RNA
2. rRNA-ribosomal RNA
3. tRNA-transfer RNA
Ribose Sugar
Summary in Green
•Summary is 5 sentences in Green
Thru 2:pg
3 column vocab Pg. 12
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Monomer
Polymer
Nucleotide
Nitrogenous base
Transcription
Translation
7. Codon
8. Nucleus
9. Ribosome
10. Amino acid
11. Protein
12. Enzyme
Do it again Pg. 14
•What are the matching amino acid pairs
in DNA?
Out Pg. 14
Fill in the blanks below with the terms DNA
or nucleotide.
A molecule of _________ is a polymer made
up of monomers called ___________.
In pg. 16
•What does DNA Look like?
Do it now pg. 16
•What is DNA made of?
Thru 1: pg 17
Strawberry DNA Lab
• Follow the directions on the sheet at your lab station and
then answer the analysis questions.
1. Draw what the DNA looked like:
2. Describe in words what the DNA looked like:
3. A person cannot see a single cotton thread 100 feet
away, but if you wound thousands of threads together
into a rope, it would be visible much further away. How
is this like the DNA you saw today?(hint: was it a single
thread or many) Explain.
4. Is there DNA in the food you eat? Explain why.
5. Why might it be important for scientists to be able to
extract DNA from cells? Give 2 reasons.
Do it again pg. 16
Where are each of the following found:
1. Sugar
2. Base
3. Phosphate
See Book Pg. 282 – 287 for answers
Out Pg. 16
Describe the
structure of a DNA
molecule. Use the
words:
• double helix
• phosphate
• deoxyribose sugar
• complementary
base pairs
Thurs. 2/4 and Fri. 2/5
In: pg. 18
Use the reading to fill in 8 facts about proteins.
Proteins
A protein is a large polymer consisting of the
elements carbon, oxygen, nitrogen and
hydrogen. The monomers of proteins are
called amino acids. There are 20 different
amino acids. These building blocks in
various combinations make thousands of
different kinds of proteins. Amino acids are
linked together to form a protein by a bond
called a peptide bond. A chain of amino
acids bonded together is often called a
polypeptide. Most proteins are made up of
multiple polypeptide chains.
Proteins come in a large variety of shapes and
sizes. The number and sequence of amino acids
that make up a protein are important in
determining its shape. For example, some amino
acids have a negative charge that is attracted to
a positive charge on another amino acid in the
chain, causing a fold in the protein. The protein
chain twists and turns as the amino acids
interact. The ultimate 3 dimensional shape of the
protein is extremely important to the function of
the protein. If the sequence of amino acids in the
protein were to change, the protein might fold
differently and not be able to carry out its
function.
Thru 1: Pg 19
Movie Clip: Amoeba Sisters
• Watch the 2 clips and complete the activity
on the sheet.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0ElozX1k8M
Thru 2
Pg. 21
Pg. 20
Analysis questions:
• Protein
1. Where does transcription
happen?
2. Where does translation
happen?
What is the role of each of
these in protein synthesis?
3. Ribosome
4. DNA
5. M RNA
6. T RNA
Synthesis Worksheet
Out
If a strand of M RNA is 330 bases long(not
counting the stop codon), how long will the
protein made from it be?
330 bases=_____ amino acids
Mon. 2/8 and Tues. 2/9
• Quiz #2 today-get out paper and your INB.
• Study Guide due next class.
• Test and INB check NEXT CLASS.
In: pg. 22
Using a double bubble map, compare and contrast
DNA and RNA.
DNA
Differences
RNA
Similarities
Differences
Protein Synthesis
DNA→mRNA→Protein
2 parts:
• Transcription: DNA is copied by mRNA
– Happens in the nucleus
• Translation: mRNA is copied into a protein
– Happens in the cytoplasm at the ribosome.
Thru 1: 23
• Virtual Lab: visit the website, do the virtual
lab and complete the sheet. Make sure
you go through the lab 2x to do 2 different
proteins.
Out
A
B
1. What process
does this diagram
show?
Use step A or step B
to answer the next 2
questions.
2. Which represents
transcription?
3. Which represents
translation?
In: pg 20
What amino acid sequence would translation of the mRNA with the
sequence AUGCAAGGAGCAUCC produce?