Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Cell nucleus wikipedia , lookup
Extracellular matrix wikipedia , lookup
Cytokinesis wikipedia , lookup
Cell growth wikipedia , lookup
Endomembrane system wikipedia , lookup
Tissue engineering wikipedia , lookup
Cell encapsulation wikipedia , lookup
Cellular differentiation wikipedia , lookup
Cell culture wikipedia , lookup
CELLS AND CELL THEORY Biology CELLS All living things are made of cells. A cell is the basic unit of structure that carries out function in living things. They form the parts of an organism and helps the organism to function. DISCOVERING CELLS The invention of the microscope made it possible to first see cells. Two scientists first observed cells in the 1660’s. Robert Hooke called them cells, meaning “small rooms”. Anton van Leeuwenhoek built microscopes and looked at things with them all the time. He found one-celled organisms. CELL THEORY The cell theory is a widely accepted explanation of the relationship between cells and living things. 1. All livings things are composed of cells. 2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things. 3. New cells are produced from existing cells. CELL STRUCTURE There are tiny structures inside cells, called organelles. Organelles carry out specific functions within the cell. GETTING INTO THE CELL Cell Wall- The cell wall is a rigid layer that surrounds plant cells. Function- to provide support and protection for the cell. Cell Membrane- All cells have cell membranes. Function- Regulates what enters and leaves the cell and also provides protection and support. THE NUCLEUS Nucleus- “Control Center” of the cell, which contains DNA. Nuclear Envelope- A double membrane that surrounds the nucleus. Nucleolus- A small, dense region inside the nucleus where the assembly of ribosomes begins. ORGANELLES IN THE CYTOPLASM Cytoplasm- “Jelly-like” portion of the cell outside the nucleus. It cushions the organelles and provides a medium for things inside the cell to move through. Mitochondria- “Powerhouse” of the cell. They convert the chemical energy stored in food into ATP (molecules that cells use for energy). MORE ORGANELLES IN THE CYTOPLASM Endoplasmic Reticulum- “Conveyor Belt” where proteins and other materials are assembled and exported from the cell. Ribosomes- Found throughout the cytoplasm, these small organelles make proteins! MORE ORGANELLES IN THE CYTOPLASM Golgi Bodies/Apparatus“Packagers” that modify, sort, and package proteins and other materials. Chloroplasts- Found mostly in plants, they capture the energy from sunlight and convert it into sugar during photosynthesis. EVEN MORE ORGANELLES IN THE CYTOPLASM! Vacuoles- “Storage” for water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates. Lysosomes- “Garbage Disposal” that digests “junk” that would otherwise clutter up the cell. HOLY COW! THERE’S A LOT OF ORGANELLES! Cytoskeleton- “Scaffolding” that helps support the cell. Centrioles- Found only in animal cells and used during cell division. ANIMAL CELL DIAGRAM PLANT CELL DIAGRAM SPECIALIZED CELLS There are many types of cells within your body, each has a specific function. Ex: Brain cells, nerve cells, red blood cells, immune cells, etc. In multi-cellular (more than one cell) organisms, cells are organized into tissues, organs, and organ systems. Nerve Cells Nervous tissue Brain Nervous System BACTERIAL CELLS Have cell walls and cell membranes. Contain cytoplasm and ribosomes. Bacterial cells do not have a nucleus or any other organelles! REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. What are the main ideas of the cell theory? 2. Identify two structures found in plant cells that are not found in animal cells. 3. In what types of cells would you expect to find a lot of mitochondria? Why? VIDEOS https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BB5rvjZzgFU https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dmCjuKtDi-4 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yKW4F0NuUY