Download Grammar Notebook Part Two Nouns - cathyeagle

Grammar Notebook Part Two
Nouns
Nouns
• Definition: a word which shows a person,
place, thing, or idea
• Classification:
– Number:
singular or plural
– Gender :
masculine, feminine, neuter
– Case:
nominative, genitive, dative,
accusative, ablative, vocative, locative
• Declension: based on genitive singular
(second form of vocabulary listing)
– ae
–i
– is
– us
– ei
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
• Base: remove the genitive singular ending
• Mater, matris = matr
• Vocabulary Listing
– Nominative singular
– Genitive singular
– Gender
– Definition
– Example
• Ursus, ursi m. bear
First declension
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Singular
Nom
Gen
Dat
Acc
Abl
Voc
a
ae
ae
am
a*
a
plual
ae
arum
is
as
is
ae
2nd masculine
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Singular
Nom
Gen
Dat
Acc
Abl
Voc
us/er
i
o
um
o*
e/er/i
plural
i
orum
is
os
is
i
2nd Neuter
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Singular
Nom
Gen
Dat
Acc
Abl
Voc
um
i
o
um
o
um
plural
a
orum
is
a
is
a
3rd declension masculine and feminine
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Singular
Nom
Gen
Dat
Acc
Abl
Voc
varies
is
i
em
e
repeat nom.
plural
es
um, ium*
ibus
es
ibus
es
I-stem Rules
• For masculine and feminine nouns using
“ium” for genitive plural
– Mono syllable nom. Sing with base ending in two
consonants
• Nox, noctis yes
• Pax, pacis
no
– Nominative singular ends with “is” or “es” and
genitive and nominative have same number of
sylables (parasyllabic)
I-stem rules
– Nominative singular ends with “ns” or “rs”
• Pars, partis
yes
• For Neuter nouns: use “ium” for gen.sing, “ia”
for nom. Pl, acc. Pl, voc pl. and “i” for abl. Sing
– Basically just these nouns
• Animal, animalis (animal)
• Mare, maris(sea)
• Calcar, calcaris(spur)
4th declension masculine and feminine
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Singular
Nom
Gen
Dat
Acc
Abl
Voc
us
us
ui
um
u
us
plural
us
uum
ibus
us
ibus
us
5th declension masculine and feminine
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Singular
Nom
Gen
Dat
Acc
Abl
Voc
es
ei
ei
em
e
es
plural
es
erum
ebus
es
ebus
es
The Neuter Rule
• All neuter nouns, adjectives, and pronouns
repeat their nominative form for their
accusative and vocative. You must use subject
verb agreement and context clues to
determine the noun’s function in these cases.
2nd dec neuter
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Sing
Nom
Gen
Dat
Acc
Abl
Voc
um
i
o
um
o
um
pl
a
orum
is
a
is
a
3rd declension neuter
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Sing
Nom
Gen
Dat
Acc
Abl
Voc
varies
is
i
repeat nom.
e
repeat nom.
pl
a, ia
um, ium
ibus
a, ia
ibus
a, ia
4th dec neuter
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Sing
Nom
Gen
Dat
Acc
Abl
Voc
u
us
u
u
u
u
pl
ua
uum
ibus
ua
ibus
ua
Irregular Noun: vis, vis f. Force,
violence
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Sing
Nom
Gen
Dat
Acc
Abl
Voc
vis
vis
viri
vim
vi
vis
pl
vires
virium
viribus
vires
viribus
vires
Nominative Case
• Subject: main noun of the sentence
– With active verb, person or thing doing the verb
• Quintilla servat infantem.
– With passive verbs, person or thing receiving the verb
• Infans servatur a Quintilla.
– Subject verb agreement:
• A singular verb takes a singular subject.
• A plural verb takes a plural subject
• Examples
– Puella vocat
– Puellae vocant
Nominative Case
• Predicate Nominative: renames the subject
after a linking verb ( some form of sum, esse,
fui, futurus)
– Quintilla est ancilla.
Vocative Case
• Used to call someone or something
– Frequently used with imperatives and questions
– Same endings as nominative except second
declension masculine which uses an “e”
– Example:
• Sylvia, fer aquam!
Genitive case “of”
• Possession
– Whoever/whatever owns something = genitive
• Cerberus erat Plutonis canis.
• Description
– With an adjective, the genitive can modify a noun.
– Caesar erat dux magnae virtutis.
• Quantity
– Used with special adjectives that denote quantity such
as satis, nimium, nimis, plus, plenus et al.
– Whatever you have a quantity of uses the genitive
• Titus bibit nimium vini.
GENITIVE
• Used with the following
adjectives:avidus,conscius, cupidus, expers,
memor, immemor, nescius, peritus, plenus,
studiosus, similis, dissimlis
– Cato erat expers humilitatis.
– Cato was lacking in humility.
GENITIVE
• used with impersonal verbs to show the cause
of feelings
– me taedet calidae aestate
– i am tired of the hot summer
GENITIVE
• Value: tells how much something is worth
– Domitian putavit suum fratrem titum nullius
momenti
– Domitian thought his brother titus of no
importance.
GENITIVE
• Partitive: tells the group of which a part is
mentioned
• Part of the girls were laughing.
• Pars puellarum ridebat.
GENITIVE
• Used with special verbs , especially of
remembering or forgetting
– Oblita sum pecuniae
– I was forgetful of money
Dative Case “to, for”
• With necesse est
– The person or things for whom it is necessary will
use the dative
– Necesse est matri adiuvare suos liberos.
• Indirect Object
– Shows to whom or for whom something is given,
shown or told
– Dedit Marco pecuniam.
Dative
• Special verbs
– A group of verbs that take their direct object in
the dative instead of the accusative
– Some of these are:
• Noceo, credo, pareo, placeo, placet, faveo, studeo,
persuadeo, respondeo, appropinquo, obsto, prosum,
expedio, cedo, licet, fido,opitulor, medeo, parco,
resisto, invideo, irascor, minor, studeo, displicet,
impero, suadeo, dissuadeo, libet
• Credo meae matri.
DATIVE
• SOME VERBS WILL USE THIS CASE FOR THE OBJECT:
APPROPINQUO, CONFIDO, DIFFIDO, CONSULO,
CREDO, FAVEO, GRATULOR, IGNOSCO, IMMINEO,
INDULGEO, INVIDEO, IRASCOR, MEDEOR, NOCEO,
NUBO, OBSTO, OCCURRO, SUCCURRO, PARCO,
PAREO, PERSUADEO, PLACEO, DISPLICEO, PRAECIPIO,
RESISTO, SERVIO, STUDEO, SUBVENIO
Dative
• With compound verbs
– Many compound verbs will use the dative for their
direct object instead of the accusative
– Verbs compounded with ad, ante, circum, con, in,
inter, ob, post, prae, pro, sub, and super are most
commonly used this way
– Example
• Omnibus eius consiliis occurri.
• I withstood all his plans
• Occurri is a compound of ob and curro
DATIVE
• COMPOUNDS OF SUM EXCEPT POSSUM,
ABSUM, INSUM ARE FOLLOWED BY THE
DATIVE:adsum,
desum,intersum,praesum,prosum, supersum
• SOME COMPOUND VERBS BOTH TRANSITIVE
AND INTRANSITIVE ALSO TAKE THE DATIVE
DATIVE
• TO SHOW POSSESSION WITH A FORM OF SUM
– ERAT CORIOLANI BELLUM.
– THERE WAS A WAR FOR CORILANUS.
DATIVE
• ADVANTAGE: TO WHOSE
ADVANTAGE/DISADVANTAGE
– CATO SERVAVIT REM PUBLICAM ROMINIS,
– CATO SAVED THE REBULIC FOR THE ROMANS.
DATIVE
USED TO SHOW PURPOSE FOR WHICH
SOMETHING IS DONE OR EXISTS
CAESAR LEGIT OCTAVIANUM HEREDI.
CAESAR CHOOSES OCTAVIUS FOR HIS HEIR.
DATIVE
• SEPARATION: FROM WHOM/WHAT
SOMETHING IS SEPARATED
– LUCRETIA RAPTA EST COLLATINO.
– LUCRATIA WAS SNATCHED FROM COLLATINUS.
DATIVE
• SHOWS THE PERSON/THING OBLIGATED TO
PERFORM THE PASSIVE PERIPHRASTIC
– CARTHAGO DELENDA EST ROMANIS.
– CARTHAGE MUST BE DESTROYED BY THE
ROMANS.
Accusative Case
• Direct Object:
– Follows an action verb and answers who or what
after the verb
• This is noun the verb happens to
• Caesar amat suam uxorem et uxores alterorum
quoque.
Accusative Case
• Object of prepositions
– Most Latin prepositions use the accusative case for
their objects (ask what after the preposition)
– In(into), ad (to,…) adversus (against), ante
(before,…)apud (at,…)circiter (about), circum (around),
cis (this side of) contra (against), erga (toward), infra
(below), inter (between), intra (within), iuxta (next to),
ob (on account of), per (through), post (after, behind),
prope (near), praeter (beyond, past…), propter (on
account of), secundum (following…), super (over…)
supra (above), trans (across), ultra (beyond)
– Ambulamus trans pontem.
ACCUSATIVE
• DURATION: TELLS HOW LONG SOMETHING
LASTS
– CELEBRAVIMUS TOTUM MENSEM.
– We celebrated the whole month.
ACCUSATIVE
• PLACE TO: SHOWS MOTION TOWARD
– NAVIGAMUS AD SICILIAM
– WE ARE SAILING TO SICILY
ACCUSATIVE
• EXTENT: TELLS HOW FAR SOMETHING GOES
– THE WALL EXTENDED FOR THREE MILES.
– MURUS TENDIT TRES MILIA PASSUUM.
ACCUSATIVE
• SUBJECT OF INDIRECT STATEMENT
– CATO PUTAVIT CARTHAGINEM DEBERE DELERI.
– CATO THOUGHT HTAT CARTHAGE OUGHT TO BE
DESTROYED.
ACCUSATIVE
• EXCLAMATION
– ME MISERUM!
– POOR ME!
ABLATIVE
• GENERALLY ANSWERS THE QUESTIONS
WHERE? WHEN? HOW? WHY?
Ablative
• Time: shows when
– No preposition
– Advenimus nocte.
• Special prepositions: These prepositions use the
ablative for their objects.
– A, abs, ab (from, by), de (from, down, about), e,ex
(from, out of), cum (with), prae (before, in front), pro (
for, in front of), sine (without), in (in), sub (under)
– Sine aqua mortui erunt.
Ablative
• Place where: shows location
– Use “in” or “sub”
– In villa habitamus.
• Place from: shows motion away from
– Use “a,ab,abs,de,e,ex”
– E villa ambulavi.
• Cause : shows reason why without preposition
– Suis victoriis laeti sunt.
Ablative
• Manner: shows style or manner
– Can use “cum” or can omit “cum” with an adjective
– Currit cum celeritate.
– Currit cum magna celeritate/magna celeritate.
• Means: shows means or instrument used to
accomplish an action
– No preposition in Latin but translate with “by: or
“with” into English; should not be a person
– Vulneratus erat gladio.
Ablative
• Personal Agent: person who does the action
of a passive verb
– Use preposition “a,ab”
– A Marco vulneratus est.
• Price: shows how much something costs
– No preposition
– Does not have to be money.
– Vendam tibi porcum octo denariis.
– Vendam tibi porcum duobus amphoris vini.
ABLATIVE
• TIME: SHOWS WHEN SOMETHING HAPPENS;
NO PREPOSITION
– AT THE NINTH HOUR, CATO WENT TO HIS
FRIEND’S HOUSE,
– NONA HORA CATON AD SUI AMICI VILLAM VENIT.
ABLATIVE
• COMPARISON: WHEN COMPARING TWO
THINGS, THE SECOND CAN BE PUT IN THE
ABLATIVE WITHOUT A PREPOSITION
– CINNCINNATUS ERAT FIDELIOR PATRIAE SULLA.
– CINNCINNATUS WAS MORE FAITHFUL TO HIS
COUNTRY THAN SULLA.
ABLATIVE
• DEGREE OF DIFFERENCE: USUALLY USED WITH
COMPARISON TO SHOW HOW MUCH THE
DIFFFERENCE BETWEEN THE TWO COMPARED
ITEMS IS
– CINNCINNATUS ERAT MULTO FIDELIOR SULLA.
– CINNCINNATUS WAS MUCH MORE LOYAL THAN
SULLA.
ABLATIVE
• PRICE: SHOWS THE PRICE PAID
– CAESAR ‘S FRIENDSHIP WITH BRUTUS WAS AT A
CONSIDERABLE PRICE
– CAESARIS AMICITIA CUM BRUTO ERAT MAGNO
PRETIO
– SHOWS THE SPECIFIC PRICE
• LUCILLA VENDEBATUR CENTUM DENARIIS.
• LUCILLA WAS BEING SOLD FOR 100 DENARII.
ABLATIVE
• DIRECT OBJECT OF THE FOLLOWING VERBS:
FRUOR(ENJOY, HAVE BENEFIT OF),
FUNGOR,(PERFORM, DISCHARGE) POTIOR(GAIN
POSSESSION OF) , UTOR( USE), VESCOR ( FEED ON)
• UTA SUM MEIS PECUNIIS DONO.
• I USED MY OWN MONEY FOR THE GIFT.
ABLATIVE
• DESCRIPTION: A NOUN AND ADJECTIVE
DESCRIBE ANOTHER NOUN WITHOUT A
PREPOSITION
• CATO ERAT VIR DURIS SENTENTIIS.
• Cato was a man of harsh opinions.
Ablative
• Specification
• Separation
• With cardinal numbers
Ablative Absolute
• Two words in the ablative which establish
conditions for the main clause but are not
grammatically connected to any word of the
main clause.
• Can be:
– Noun and participle
– Two nouns
– Noun and adjective
Ablative Absolute
• The ablative absolute is a very commonly used
construction with a participle. It allows you to
combine two thoughts concisely.
– Urbe perdita, milites iter faciebant ad castra.
– Discipulo dormiente, magister erat irata.
• However, you need to add English words such
as “when, after, because, since, during, while”
to sound more fluent in English when you
translate.
Time and Space Constructions
• Time
– When = ablative without a preposition
• At the fourth hour, we will sail.
• Quartā horā navigabimus.
– Within which= Ablative with no preposition
• Establishes a time frame but not a duration
• Within this month we will sail.
• Hāc mense navigabimus.
– Duration of time = accusative with no preposition
• Shows how long
• For three months we will sail.
• Tres menses navigabimus.
• Place
– Place from = ablative with a, ab,e, ex, de
• Shows motion away from
• With names of cities, towns, and small islands, the
preposition can be omitted.
– Navigabimus e Carthagine. ( optional preposition)
– Navigabimus Carthagine. ( omitted preposition)
– Navigabimus e Africā
( required preposition)
• Place to = accusative plus prepositions “ad” (
to, toward, near)in (into), sub( up to, at the
foot of)
– Preposition can be omitted with small islands,
cities and towns
– Navigamus ad insulam. ( required preposition)
– Navigamus ad Romam. ( optional preposition)
– Navigamus Romam. (omitted preposition)
– For domus (home) and rus ( country) use domum
(to the house, home) and rus ( to the country)
• Place where
– For normal nouns, use the ablative and the
preposition “in” or “sub”
• Habitavimus in multis villis.
– For cities, towns, small islands use the locative
•
•
•
•
•
•
First declension ae or arum
2nd declension
o or is
3rd declension singular e or sometimes i
3rd declension plural
ibus
Habitavimus Romae.
For domus (home) or rus (country), domo for home, rure
for countryside
• Extent of space: shows how far without a
preposition with the accusative
– Navigabimus viginti milia passum.
– We sailed for 20 miles.