Download Genitive: Possession • Equus Caesaris • The horse of Caesar or

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Genitive: Possession
Equus Caesaris
The horse of Caesar or Caesar’s horse
Consilium Aurorae
The plan of Aurora or Aurora’s plan
Res virorum
The affairs of men or the men’s affairs
Genitive of Quality or Description
A noun is modified/described by a noun or phrase in the genitive
Vir magnae virtutis
A man of great virtue
Feminam pulchritudinis praeclarae
A woman of distinguished beauty
Subjective Genitive
If the non-genitive noun of the phrase were changed to the verb, then the noun in the genitive would
become its subject.
Adventus Caesaris
The arrival of Caesar or Caesar’s arrival
Objective Genitive
If the non-genitive noun of the phrase were changed to the verb, then the noun in the genitive would
become its object.
These nouns are nouns of action, agency, and feeling.
Amor pecuniae
Love of money
Remembrance of his past life
Partitive Genitive
A genitive phrase often made up of and adverb and a noun in the genitive in which the “of” disappears in
translation.
Words that commonly introduce partitive genitives: parum, nimis, nihil, satis, aliquid, milia
Parum pecuniae = too little money
Milia tria peditum = three thousand foot soldiers
Predicative Genitive
Genitive that acts as the predicate of a sentence
Often the verb is a form of sum
The genitive can be other types of genitives such as a partitive genitive or genitive of quality.
Hic gladius est Caesaris.
This sword is Caesar’s or This is Caesar’s sword.
Caesar vir erat imperii magni.
Caesar was a man of great authority.
Genitive + verbs of remember/forgetting
The genitive is used with verbs of remembering or forgetting when the item being remembered is a person.
An accusative is used when the item is a thing.
Don’t get this construction mixed up with the accusative of person used with verbs of reminding.
Ipse matris suae meminerat.
He had remembered his own mother
Genitive of the Cause of Feeling
Used with miseret, paenitet, piget, pudet, and taedet
Me paenitet inimicitiae.
I am sorry for my animosity.
Pudet deorum hominumque.
It is disgraceful before gods and men.
Genitive of Interest
Interest and refert
Ciceronis intererat Clodium mori.
It was to Cicero’s interest for Clodius to die.
Faciendum aliquid, quod illorum magis quam sua retulisse videretur
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Genitive with causa and gratia
For the sake of
Often with a gerund or gerundive
Often used to express purpose
Causa belli pugnandi
For the sake of fighting the war
Dative as Indirect Object
The dative indicates the person or thing which, though not the direct object, is interested in, or affected by,
the action of the verb. The direct object answers the questions: Whom? What? The indirect object answers
the questions: to/for whom or what?
Often with verbs of giving, showing, telling
Dic nomen tuum mihi!
Puer gladium amico demonstrabat.
Sometimes with intransitive verbs
Credite mihi!
Sometimes with particular adjectives expressing fitness, nearness, facility, likeness, usefulness, and their
opposites: aptus –a –um, proximus –a –um, and similis –e
Galli sunt proximi Germanis.
The Gauls are near the Germans.
Dative of Possession
A dative of possession is used with forms of esse when more stress is laid on the thing possessed than on
the possessor.
Often with verbs of being
Ille Imperatori est gladius.
That sword is the emperor’s.
Dative of Agent
Used with the gerundive and with passive periphrastics
Magister vobis audiendus est.
The teacher must be heard by you.
Dative of Purpose/Predicative Dative
Dative used to denote purpose.
Words commonly used with this are auxilium, praesidium, cura, and subsidium.
Part of the Double Dative construction
Translated as/for
Venit auxilio castris.
He came as an aid to the camps.
Exitio est avidum mare nautis.
The greedy sea is destruction to sailors.
Dative of Reference
Person or thing affected in the sentence
Part of the Double Dative Construction
Flumen erat magno impedimento Gallis.
The river was a great impediment to the Gauls.
Hoc magno dedecori erit tibi.
This will be a great disgrace for you.
Dative of Separation
Takes the place of the ablative sometimes with compound verbs (verbs that have prepositions added to
them)
Hunc timorem mihi eripe! (e/ex +rapio)
Take this fear from me!
Accusative as Direct Object
Direct Object
Brutus Caesarem vulneravit.
Object Complement, often with verbs of naming, choosing, or naming (factitive)
Senatus Sullam dictatorem appellavit.
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With verbs of asking and teaching – one accusative is the direct object, the other is the thing asked for or
taught
Meam sententiam Magister rogavit.
The teacher asked my opinion.
Accusative as Object of Preposition
Certain prepositions take the accusative case, such as: ad, ante, circum, contra, inter, intra, ob, per, post,
prope, propter, super, trans, ultra
Propter numerum sagittarum Persicarum
On account of the number of Persian arrows
Prope rivum
Near the river
Accusative of Motion Towards
Verbs of movement sometimes use ad plus and accusative
Mittam cras ad Caesarem epistulam.
I shall send the letter to Caesar tomorrow.
Accusative with ad plus the gerund or gerundive
Denotes purpose
Ad delendam Carthaginem
For the purpose of destroying Carthage
Ad dicendum
For the purpose of speaking
Accusative of Duration of Time
Tells for how long something occurs
No preposition in Latin
Translated with for
Multas annas
For many years
Accusative of Extent of Space
Similar to accusative of duration of time
No preposition in Latin
Translated with for
Multa milia passuum iter fecerunt.
They marched for many thousands of miles.
Accusative of Place to Which
Ad plus a place in accusative
Often with forms of eo ire ivi itum
Eamus ad Romam.
Let us go to Rome!
Accusative of Respect/Specification
Often used with passive participles or adjectives
Not usually found in prose, rather in poetry
Translation: with respect to
Os umerosque deo similis
Like a god in face and shoulders (with respect to his face and shoulders)
Accusative as Subject
Part of the construction of indirect statement
The subject of the statement after the word “that” in English would go into the accusative in Latin.
Amo eum hoc non intellegere.
Also with verbs of permission such as patior, sino, and iubeo
Accusative of Exclamation
An accusative noun or pronoun accompanied by an adjective is used in exclamations.
O me miserum!
O miserable me!
Ablative as Object of the Preposition
Adverbial clause
It answers the questions: whence, by what means, how, from what cause, in what manner, when, and where
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Prepositions include: a/ab, cum, de, e/ex, in, prae, pro, sine, and sub
Ablative of Separation
An Ablative of Separation is used with verbs meaning keep away from, free from, deprive, or lack.
Christus nos a peccatis nostris liberavit.
Christ freed us from our sins.
An Ablative of Separation can also denote origin/descent.
Homo optimis parentibus natus
A man of excellent parentage
Ablative of Agent
The Ablative of Agent is used with passive forms of a verb to indicate the agent by whom an action is
done.
Uses a/ab
Is a form of the Ablative of Separation
Clitus ab Alexandro interfectus est.
Clitus was killed by Alexander.
Ablative of Instrument/Means
The Ablative of Instrument indicates the object/means with which an action is performed.
No preposition in Latin
Translation: with or by means of
Clitus gladio interfectus est.
Clitus was killed with a sword (by means of a sword).
Ablative of Accompaniment
An Ablative of Accompaniment is used with verbs of motion to denote “in company with.”
Uses the preposition cum
Ibit mecum.
She will go with me.
Ablative of Manner
The Ablative of Manner describes how something is done.
Cum is used, but it may be omitted if the noun is modified by an adjective
Cum dignitate mori satius est quam cum ignominia vivere.
It is better to die with dignity than to live in discrace.
Summa haec diligentia fecit.
He did this with the greatest care.
Ablative of Quality/Description
An Ablative of Quality is used with an adjective.
No preposition in Latin
Vir magna virtute aedificium hoc fecit.
A man of great virtue made this building.
Ablative of Time When/Within Which and Ablative of Place Where
These Ablatives indicate when or where an action takes place.
No preposition is used in Latin for time, but in, ex, and a/ab are use for place.
Translation: at, in, within
Proxima aestate in Grecia mortuus est.
Ablative of Respect
An Ablative of Respect denotes that ‘in respect of which.’
Sometimes called Ablative of Limitation
Common usages: specie (in appearance), re ipsa (in reality), nomine (in name), maior natu (older in age)
Translation: with respect to
Dignus laude erit vir ipsa.
That man will be worthy (with respect to) of praise.
Ablative of Comparison
In place of quam (than), one can use the ablative of comparison.
The construction is only used when the other noun is nominative or accusative.
Haec nonne luce clariora sunt?
Are not these things clearer than daylight?
Ablative Place From Which
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Often with ab, e/ex, de
Ex urbe egressus est.
He left the city. He departed from the city.
Ablative of Degree of Difference
After comparatives, this ablative shows the extent or degree to which the objects differ.
Often uses multo, paulo, eo, tanto
These forms must never be used with positive degree adjectives or adverbs.
Puer est altior quam puella uno pede.
The boy is taller than the girl by one foot.
Multo me doctior
A man greatly more knowledgeable than myself
Ablative Absolute
Two words in the ablative, one a noun and one a participle
Often an ablative of agent or means often inserted in it
Trans: when, since, although, after, with the _______ having been ________ed
Militibus vulneratis, dux fugit.
With the soldiers having been wounded, the leader fled.
Since the soldiers were wounded, the leader fled.
Ablative of Cause
Translation: because, on account of, by
Timore commotus est.
He was moved on account of fear.
Ablative of Price
This is used with verbs of buying, exchanging, and selling.
Translation: for
Don’t get this mixed up with genitive of worth/price.
Viginti talentis unam orationem Isocrates vendidit.
Isocrates sold one speech for 20 talents.
Pacem bello mutavit.
He exchanged peace for war.
Verbs with Ablatives
Ablatives are used with these verbs because of their essential meaning: utor – I serve myself with (I use),
fruor – I enjoy myself with (I enjoy), vescor – I feed myself with (I eat, feed), fungor – I busy myself with
(I perform)
Utor rebus multis.
I use many things.