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Theory and method in grammaticalization
Theory and method in grammaticalization

... complex notion in which a number of factors correlate. Concentrating on only one of them will not suffice. For instance, the discussion is very often simplified by using coalescence (free > clitic > affixal > fusional) as the sole criterion for grammaticalization. In cases where there is disagreemen ...
On the functional structure of locative and directional PPs
On the functional structure of locative and directional PPs

... Koopman’s (2000) investigation of the structure of Dutch PPs is a significant milestone in generativists’ thinking about adpositions.1 By showing that there is quite a bit more to the structure of the PP than had previously been assumed,2 and giving P a full-fledged functional extended projection, K ...
Conjunctions as Heads
Conjunctions as Heads

... In spite of the difficulty of eliding anything but non-heads, assumed to be the conjuncts rather than the conjunctions, there is ample evidence of empty conjunctions (resulting in what is often called asyndetic coordination) in various languages. Here, I will provide evidence that they are not elide ...
Case Selection for the Direct Object in Russian Negative Clauses. Part
Case Selection for the Direct Object in Russian Negative Clauses. Part

... negative clauses. As part of the project, a fairly extensive computer corpus has been created to facilitate the study of the rules governing the case choice. This book presents the results of a basic analysis of the material in the corpus. The creation of the computer corpus and the preparation of t ...
Test Packet - Veritas Press
Test Packet - Veritas Press

... Most of the chapter tests require students to provide a complete dictionary entry for each of the vocabulary words. This means that students will need to supply endings, gender, and translation as appropriate. Students may provide derivatives that vary from what is provided in the answer key. To che ...
PPT_week_8
PPT_week_8

... 1. Nature of meaning The criterion of meaning is a useful starting point, but as a decisive criterion, it has at least the following problems ...
On the syntax of locative and directional adpositional phrases
On the syntax of locative and directional adpositional phrases

... This takes care of (6a–c) immediately. And (6d) still comes out grammatical thanks to the fact that the R–word has left the CP(Place) altogether, topicalisation here involving the entire remnant CP(Place).9 With this hypothesis in place, we are basically done with the locative PP for the time being. ...
FUNCTIONAL PERSPECTIVE OF THE NOUN PHRASE
FUNCTIONAL PERSPECTIVE OF THE NOUN PHRASE

... By number we understand the syntactico-semantic signals that characterize the phenomenon presented on the scene as to singularity (denoting various aspects of 'one') and plurality (denoting various aspects of 'more than one'). The current number signals are the following: (i\ notional content (gold, ...
The Latvian dative and genitive: A Cognitive Grammar - DUO
The Latvian dative and genitive: A Cognitive Grammar - DUO

... My first encounter with the Latvian case system was in August 1991, when I arrived in Riga to spend a year in Latvia as an exchange student. As I gradually mastered the language, I was struck by what I saw as the simplicity and logic of the Latvian case system. The fact that my fascination for the s ...
Aleš Svoboda: Functional perspective of the noun phrase
Aleš Svoboda: Functional perspective of the noun phrase

... By number we understand the syntactico-semantic signals that characterize the phenomenon presented' on the scene as to singularity (denoting various aspects of 'one') and plurality (denoting various aspects of 'more than one'). The current number signals are the following: (i) notional content (gold ...
The distribution of pronoun case forms in English
The distribution of pronoun case forms in English

... pronoun case variation that cannot be given a purely case-based account occur in strong pronoun contexts. The consistent nominative/objective case distinction found with weak pronouns is due to their syntactic deficiency and the increasing importance of Positional Case in English. Unlike strong pron ...
2 The Dative Case
2 The Dative Case

... As the last few batches of examples show, English translations often don’t have any equivalent for si, since it is obvious that the recipient is also the subject, and si isn’t really required for Czech, either, much of the time, but that doesn’t stop the Czechs from peppering their sentences with th ...
Discovering Ancient Greek and Latin
Discovering Ancient Greek and Latin

... If you embark on the study of Greek or Latin, what sort of language will you be learning? What are their distinctive features? What do they share in common with other languages? We can start with one obvious characteristic. Both are referred to as ‘classical’ languages, a word which seems to endow t ...
Spanish Clitics, Events and Opposition Structure
Spanish Clitics, Events and Opposition Structure

... these two examples is considered indisputable). If we consider (10a) and (10d), probably interpreted as possessive or source, why should this difference arise? The only difference is the subject: jefe versus nene (‘boss’ versus ‘child’). And finally in (10e), why should this sentence be ambiguous in ...
The Personal Dative in Appalachian English as a Reflexive Pronoun
The Personal Dative in Appalachian English as a Reflexive Pronoun

... because of dialectal differences, but because of the availability of documentation on the topic (Wolfram and Christian, 1976; Wolfram and Schilling- Estes, 1998). The Personal Dative is not restricted to first person pronouns. It is available in all persons and numbers, as shown in (4) (Webelhuth & ...
Towards a null theory of the passive
Towards a null theory of the passive

... 1. Introduction: The typology of passives as a theoretical problem The Principles and Parameters approach aimed to eliminate syntactic rules and constructions in favor of general movement processes and principles, and to account for language-specific syntax by construction-independent parameters. Di ...
On the syntax ofconstructions with arb SE in Spanish
On the syntax ofconstructions with arb SE in Spanish

... We have adopted the analysis in Koopman & Sportiche (1988) by which the subject of a verb associated with an external a-role is generated in its vp* internal position (DP*) (see 4b above). This is the case for U nergative structures, such as (12a). Koopman & Sportiche (1988: Sec. 1.4) further claim ...
The so-called possessive perfect in North Russian and the Circum
The so-called possessive perfect in North Russian and the Circum

... participants do not interact anymore at this phase and are no longer parts of the same situation. This is why the resultative focuses only on one of the former participants and, hence, is intrinsically semantically intransitive. I maintain that the -n-/-tderivatives are historically resultatives to ...
4B Ablative
4B Ablative

... A noun in the ablative, accompanied by an adjective, can be used to describe the qualities by which a person is characterized: Diodōrus, uir summā grauitāte, maximē īrātus est. (“Diodorus, a man of the utmost dignity, became extremely angry.”) senex cānīs capillīs et ueste sordidā (“a man with white ...
Overt Nominative Subjects in Infinitival Complements
Overt Nominative Subjects in Infinitival Complements

... The fact that this does not routinely happen calls for an explanation; the usual assumption is that the highest copy is privileged, possibly subject to Bobaljik’s (2002:251) Minimize Mismatch principle: “(To the extent possible) privilege the same copy at PF and LF”. Instead or in addition, it may b ...
The case of German relatives
The case of German relatives

... die dio die dio den der(e) ...
Negative quantification and existential sentences
Negative quantification and existential sentences

... In this paper, we focus our attention on how to characterise these verbless sequences so that they are interpreted as sentences and on their interpretation as negated existential sentences. Our proposal is cast inside the framework of Generalised Quantifier Theory. The alternative of treating n-word ...
Polish numerals and quantifiers: A syntactic analysis of subject‐verb
Polish numerals and quantifiers: A syntactic analysis of subject‐verb

... Chomsky (2000, 2001). In Polish, the presence of numerals and quantifiers leads to so-called “agreement mismatches” – the phi-features on the probe and the goal differ unexpectedly, i.e. there is a mismatch in features. Additionally, they lead to interesting patterns of case assignment, such as a sh ...
Analyzing Embedded Noun Phrase Structures Derived from
Analyzing Embedded Noun Phrase Structures Derived from

... This paper describes a method for analyzing embedded noun phrase structures that is derived from the Japanese double-nominal-case construction based on the valency structure used in ALT-J/E. ALT-J/E is a Japanese-toEnglish translation system (Ikehara et al. 87). An embeddednoun phrase structure is t ...
Document
Document

... course have been impossible on the subject constituent. The EBC construction in (2), again a CoP in subject position, is one in which both conjuncts unexpectedly have accusative case, i.e., both are deviant. In Norwegian and English, UC and EBC constructions are not universally accepted as good data ...
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Grammatical case



Case is a grammatical category whose value reflects the grammatical function performed by a noun or pronoun in a phrase, clause, or sentence. In some languages, nouns, pronouns, and their modifiers take different inflected forms depending on what case they are in. English has largely lost its case system, although case distinctions can still be seen with the personal pronouns: forms such as I, he and we are used in the role of subject (""I kicked the ball""), while forms such as me, him and us are used in the role of object (""John kicked me"").Languages such as Ancient Greek, Latin, Sanskrit, Hungarian, Tamil, Russian, Polish, Ukrainian, Serbo-Croatian, Czech, Slovak, Finnish, Latvian and Lithuanian have extensive case systems, with nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and determiners all inflecting (usually by means of different suffixes) to indicate their case. A language may have a number of different cases (Romanian has five, Latin and Russian each have at least six; Polish, Czech, and Serbo-Croatian, Latvian and Lithuanian have 7; Finnish has 15, Hungarian has 18). Commonly encountered cases include nominative, accusative, dative, and genitive. A role that one of these languages marks by case will often be marked in English using a preposition. For example, the English prepositional phrase with (his) foot (as in ""John kicked the ball with his foot"") might be rendered in Russian using a single noun in the instrumental case, or in Ancient Greek as τῷ ποδί tōi podi, meaning ""the foot"" with both words (the definite article, and the noun πούς pous, ""foot"") changing to dative form.As a language evolves, cases can merge (for instance in Ancient Greek genitive and dative have merged as genitive), a phenomenon formally called syncretism.More formally, case has been defined as ""a system of marking dependent nouns for the type of relationship they bear to their heads."" Cases should be distinguished from thematic roles such as agent and patient. They are often closely related, and in languages such as Latin several thematic roles have an associated case, but cases are a morphological notion, while thematic roles are a semantic one. Languages having cases often exhibit free word order, since thematic roles are not required to be marked by position in the sentence.
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