direct evidentiality
... In Lyons 1979 the notion of projection was introduced for deictic elements, such as here and now, in connection with non-canonical communicative situations. This idea was developed also in Fillmore 1975: John is now coming means ‘John is coming to me’, i.e. to the speaker, but a question Is John is ...
... In Lyons 1979 the notion of projection was introduced for deictic elements, such as here and now, in connection with non-canonical communicative situations. This idea was developed also in Fillmore 1975: John is now coming means ‘John is coming to me’, i.e. to the speaker, but a question Is John is ...
Ineffability in Grammar
... than in syntax, because phonology has developed a stable view of what counts as an input. For syntax, the makeup of inputs is much less clear, and this has consequences for the potential scope of ineffability. Consider (6a) in this respect. At first glance (6a) does not seem to constitute an instanc ...
... than in syntax, because phonology has developed a stable view of what counts as an input. For syntax, the makeup of inputs is much less clear, and this has consequences for the potential scope of ineffability. Consider (6a) in this respect. At first glance (6a) does not seem to constitute an instanc ...
- 1 - Adpositions from nouns, one way or another Das war `ne heiße
... coincidentally, notwithstanding is another English adposition, this time deverbal, employed in this semantic field.) ...
... coincidentally, notwithstanding is another English adposition, this time deverbal, employed in this semantic field.) ...
THE EPP, NOMINATIVE CASE and EXPLETIVES
... NP via Agree, invalidating the analysis of Belletti (1988), according to which, the Case of this NP is partitive. A comparison of there-constructions with their non-agreeing counterparts in French and Russian serves as an incentive for my suggestion that the postverbal NPs in these languages are als ...
... NP via Agree, invalidating the analysis of Belletti (1988), according to which, the Case of this NP is partitive. A comparison of there-constructions with their non-agreeing counterparts in French and Russian serves as an incentive for my suggestion that the postverbal NPs in these languages are als ...
Compromising transitivity: the problem of reciprocals
... ‘John saw Mary’ and (Mary, John) in ‘Mary saw John’.3 Though it is clear that semantically there are two participant roles (e.g. a seer and a seen, or an agent and patient), it is less clear how many syntactic arguments there are (see Mohanan & Mohanan (1998) for detailed discussion of this question ...
... ‘John saw Mary’ and (Mary, John) in ‘Mary saw John’.3 Though it is clear that semantically there are two participant roles (e.g. a seer and a seen, or an agent and patient), it is less clear how many syntactic arguments there are (see Mohanan & Mohanan (1998) for detailed discussion of this question ...
UNIVERSITY OF TARTU FACULTY OF PHILOSOPHY
... The topic of this work is the partitive case and its functions, i.e. its assignment in certain semantic and syntactic environments involving verbs. Which functions were formerly taken by the partitive but are now represented by other case forms? What are the conditions for these case forms and how c ...
... The topic of this work is the partitive case and its functions, i.e. its assignment in certain semantic and syntactic environments involving verbs. Which functions were formerly taken by the partitive but are now represented by other case forms? What are the conditions for these case forms and how c ...
The pronominal clitic of quantified noun phrases in Slovenian
... The GQ has traditionally been recognized as a characteristic property of Slavic numeral noun phrases, although individual languages may differ with respect to the inflectional properties of the numerals and the subject-verb agreement pattern. Thus, for instance, Slovenian but not also Serbo-Croatian ...
... The GQ has traditionally been recognized as a characteristic property of Slavic numeral noun phrases, although individual languages may differ with respect to the inflectional properties of the numerals and the subject-verb agreement pattern. Thus, for instance, Slovenian but not also Serbo-Croatian ...
A Simple Syntax for Complex Semantics
... The task of computational semantics cannot be but complex because its ultimate aim is to model how human-machine communications are carried out by means of natural language. That of syntax can, however, be made simple at both the structural and the procedural level. The proposed syntactic module KoS ...
... The task of computational semantics cannot be but complex because its ultimate aim is to model how human-machine communications are carried out by means of natural language. That of syntax can, however, be made simple at both the structural and the procedural level. The proposed syntactic module KoS ...
The Double-O Constraints in Japanese* William J. Poser
... version of what I hope will be the final version before publication. Two factors have delayed publication. One is the vicissitudes of my life during this period, which often left little time for research and made it difficult to focus. The other is that for some time I harbored the ambition of writi ...
... version of what I hope will be the final version before publication. Two factors have delayed publication. One is the vicissitudes of my life during this period, which often left little time for research and made it difficult to focus. The other is that for some time I harbored the ambition of writi ...
The Major Functions of the NP
... Here the verb kill indicates that we have a situation in which one entity kills another. It provides two semantic roles, ‘killer’ and ‘killed’, taken by the referents of the preverbal NP the farmer and the postverbal NP the duckling, respectively. In order for the sentence to be true, the entities r ...
... Here the verb kill indicates that we have a situation in which one entity kills another. It provides two semantic roles, ‘killer’ and ‘killed’, taken by the referents of the preverbal NP the farmer and the postverbal NP the duckling, respectively. In order for the sentence to be true, the entities r ...
Pronouns
... Use the possessive pronouns my, your, her, his, its, our, and their to modify the nouns that follow. These possessive pronouns function as adjectives in sentences. His advice about avoiding e-mail viruses was valuable. We prefer to e-mail our company newsletter. Change your password by Friday. Busin ...
... Use the possessive pronouns my, your, her, his, its, our, and their to modify the nouns that follow. These possessive pronouns function as adjectives in sentences. His advice about avoiding e-mail viruses was valuable. We prefer to e-mail our company newsletter. Change your password by Friday. Busin ...
Some Notes on Economy of Derivation and Representation
... binding theory principles, conditions on identification of empty categories, and perhaps X-bar theory.13 2. Some properties of Verbal Inflection Of the many specific areas that might be investigated in an effort to clarify general guidelines of the kind mentioned earlier, I will concentrate on the t ...
... binding theory principles, conditions on identification of empty categories, and perhaps X-bar theory.13 2. Some properties of Verbal Inflection Of the many specific areas that might be investigated in an effort to clarify general guidelines of the kind mentioned earlier, I will concentrate on the t ...
is case a functional unit: latin genitive
... not implicitly change criteria and surreptitiously switch from a syntactic relationship to a semantic relationship. If Benveniste is right to say that “the relationship set up between aedes and regis remains unchanged when we switch from the determinative phrase aedes regis to the declarative senten ...
... not implicitly change criteria and surreptitiously switch from a syntactic relationship to a semantic relationship. If Benveniste is right to say that “the relationship set up between aedes and regis remains unchanged when we switch from the determinative phrase aedes regis to the declarative senten ...
“Case suffixes”, postpositions and the Phonological Word in
... but syntactically independent units, in other words they are postpositions. This claim is consistent with the independently motivated observation made in Nespor & Vogel (1986) that Hungarian vowel harmony is not operative on the morphosyntactic word, but on the PWord. However, it requires reconsider ...
... but syntactically independent units, in other words they are postpositions. This claim is consistent with the independently motivated observation made in Nespor & Vogel (1986) that Hungarian vowel harmony is not operative on the morphosyntactic word, but on the PWord. However, it requires reconsider ...
this PDF file
... singular – where these participles could occur without a copula – when in other finite sentences the original Indo-European person markers were lost and thus the difference between active vs. passive sentences was obscured. Since these sentences described acquired properties, they simultaneously ass ...
... singular – where these participles could occur without a copula – when in other finite sentences the original Indo-European person markers were lost and thus the difference between active vs. passive sentences was obscured. Since these sentences described acquired properties, they simultaneously ass ...
Agreement Morphology, Argument Structure and Syntax
... this surely must mean something! The answer is: it does, but the meaning is formal. It means that the adjective is construed with a plural head noun, but we cannot say whether what the two denote is a plural entity. This is decided by the head noun alone. Similarly, if the verb agrees with the NP in ...
... this surely must mean something! The answer is: it does, but the meaning is formal. It means that the adjective is construed with a plural head noun, but we cannot say whether what the two denote is a plural entity. This is decided by the head noun alone. Similarly, if the verb agrees with the NP in ...
Lecture Notes: Chapter 3 - Web Hosting at UMass Amherst
... θ-roles are assigned, but it only correctly delivers θ-roles to objects, and then, only when there is one. Under what conditions is the θ-role delivered to a subject argument? c. The CP complements to verbs present a paradox. They appear to be in complement position with respect to tests like do so ...
... θ-roles are assigned, but it only correctly delivers θ-roles to objects, and then, only when there is one. Under what conditions is the θ-role delivered to a subject argument? c. The CP complements to verbs present a paradox. They appear to be in complement position with respect to tests like do so ...
double case constructions in Koine Greek - Journal of Greco
... (20) to\ desmwth/rion eu3romen kekleisme/non e0n pa/sh| a0sfalei/a| (Acts 5.23—‘we found the prison securely locked’) (21) e0qea/sasqe au0to\n poreuo/menon ei0j to\n ou0rano/n (Acts 1.11— ‘you saw him going into the sky’) (22) ei]den pa=j o9 lao\j au0to\n peripatou=nta kai\ ai0nou=nta to\n qeo/n (Ac ...
... (20) to\ desmwth/rion eu3romen kekleisme/non e0n pa/sh| a0sfalei/a| (Acts 5.23—‘we found the prison securely locked’) (21) e0qea/sasqe au0to\n poreuo/menon ei0j to\n ou0rano/n (Acts 1.11— ‘you saw him going into the sky’) (22) ei]den pa=j o9 lao\j au0to\n peripatou=nta kai\ ai0nou=nta to\n qeo/n (Ac ...
Document
... Using Possessive Pronouns Use the possessive pronouns my, your, her, his, its, our, and their to modify the nouns that follow. These possessive pronouns function as adjectives in sentences. His advice about avoiding e-mail viruses was valuable. We prefer to e-mail our company newsletter. Change your ...
... Using Possessive Pronouns Use the possessive pronouns my, your, her, his, its, our, and their to modify the nouns that follow. These possessive pronouns function as adjectives in sentences. His advice about avoiding e-mail viruses was valuable. We prefer to e-mail our company newsletter. Change your ...
Covert nominative and dative subjects in Faroese∗
... A potential problem in using sentence pairs like (2) is that the informants may feel that they have to evaluate the two variants differently even if there is no contrast according to their own intuitions. Therefore, a particular test sentence may get a lower acceptability rate than it would if it wa ...
... A potential problem in using sentence pairs like (2) is that the informants may feel that they have to evaluate the two variants differently even if there is no contrast according to their own intuitions. Therefore, a particular test sentence may get a lower acceptability rate than it would if it wa ...
Non-finite complements and modality in de-na `allow` in Hindi-Urdu
... In (9) and in many examples below, the =ko postposition is ambiguous between dative and accusative case. The contrast of DOM accusative with the goal dative is even clearer in Kashmiri, a language related to Hindi-Urdu and similar in case marking. The Kashmiri and Hindi-Urdu permissives are very sim ...
... In (9) and in many examples below, the =ko postposition is ambiguous between dative and accusative case. The contrast of DOM accusative with the goal dative is even clearer in Kashmiri, a language related to Hindi-Urdu and similar in case marking. The Kashmiri and Hindi-Urdu permissives are very sim ...
1998 - Henk van Riemsdijk
... in certain ways, but that is not the topic of the present article.2 The second one is in dire need of reexamination in view of the introduction into the theory of phrase structure of functional heads. This is the first topic I wish to address here, and the topic which will occupy the bulk of the pap ...
... in certain ways, but that is not the topic of the present article.2 The second one is in dire need of reexamination in view of the introduction into the theory of phrase structure of functional heads. This is the first topic I wish to address here, and the topic which will occupy the bulk of the pap ...
`Genitive Absolute` in New Testament/Hellenistic Greek
... is supported by Stephen H. Levinsohn, Textual Connections in Acts (Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1987), and Discourse Features of New Testament Greek (Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics, 1992), and by Richard A. Young, Intermediate New Testament Greek: A Linguistic and Exegetical Approach (Nashville ...
... is supported by Stephen H. Levinsohn, Textual Connections in Acts (Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1987), and Discourse Features of New Testament Greek (Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics, 1992), and by Richard A. Young, Intermediate New Testament Greek: A Linguistic and Exegetical Approach (Nashville ...
Resultatives and Depictives in Finnish 1
... configurationality (in the sense of Hale 1983) remains controversial in Finnish (see Vilkuna 1989 and Vainikka 1989), at least this test fails to indicate any structural difference between the translative/essive case positions in resultatives and Object-oriented depictives. As we will see in the fol ...
... configurationality (in the sense of Hale 1983) remains controversial in Finnish (see Vilkuna 1989 and Vainikka 1989), at least this test fails to indicate any structural difference between the translative/essive case positions in resultatives and Object-oriented depictives. As we will see in the fol ...
resdep - Semantics Archive
... in indicating configurationality (in the sense of Hale 1983) remains controversial in Finnish (see Vilkuna 1989 and Vainikka 1989), at least this test fails to indicate any structural difference between the translative/essive case positions in resultatives and Object-oriented depictives. As we will ...
... in indicating configurationality (in the sense of Hale 1983) remains controversial in Finnish (see Vilkuna 1989 and Vainikka 1989), at least this test fails to indicate any structural difference between the translative/essive case positions in resultatives and Object-oriented depictives. As we will ...
Grammatical case
Case is a grammatical category whose value reflects the grammatical function performed by a noun or pronoun in a phrase, clause, or sentence. In some languages, nouns, pronouns, and their modifiers take different inflected forms depending on what case they are in. English has largely lost its case system, although case distinctions can still be seen with the personal pronouns: forms such as I, he and we are used in the role of subject (""I kicked the ball""), while forms such as me, him and us are used in the role of object (""John kicked me"").Languages such as Ancient Greek, Latin, Sanskrit, Hungarian, Tamil, Russian, Polish, Ukrainian, Serbo-Croatian, Czech, Slovak, Finnish, Latvian and Lithuanian have extensive case systems, with nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and determiners all inflecting (usually by means of different suffixes) to indicate their case. A language may have a number of different cases (Romanian has five, Latin and Russian each have at least six; Polish, Czech, and Serbo-Croatian, Latvian and Lithuanian have 7; Finnish has 15, Hungarian has 18). Commonly encountered cases include nominative, accusative, dative, and genitive. A role that one of these languages marks by case will often be marked in English using a preposition. For example, the English prepositional phrase with (his) foot (as in ""John kicked the ball with his foot"") might be rendered in Russian using a single noun in the instrumental case, or in Ancient Greek as τῷ ποδί tōi podi, meaning ""the foot"" with both words (the definite article, and the noun πούς pous, ""foot"") changing to dative form.As a language evolves, cases can merge (for instance in Ancient Greek genitive and dative have merged as genitive), a phenomenon formally called syncretism.More formally, case has been defined as ""a system of marking dependent nouns for the type of relationship they bear to their heads."" Cases should be distinguished from thematic roles such as agent and patient. They are often closely related, and in languages such as Latin several thematic roles have an associated case, but cases are a morphological notion, while thematic roles are a semantic one. Languages having cases often exhibit free word order, since thematic roles are not required to be marked by position in the sentence.