as a PDF
... Whereas the Latin prepositions, including dē and ad, could occupy various positions within complex NPs, French de and à must precede them. Similarly, Latin allowed of permutations such as epistulam scriptam habeo, habet cantare, mente clara, whereas the order in French j‘ai écrit la lettre, chantera ...
... Whereas the Latin prepositions, including dē and ad, could occupy various positions within complex NPs, French de and à must precede them. Similarly, Latin allowed of permutations such as epistulam scriptam habeo, habet cantare, mente clara, whereas the order in French j‘ai écrit la lettre, chantera ...
MSR-JNU-Sanskrit
... verb and rarely like an adjective in a sentence. They inflect for gender, number, case and nominal declension. They may be followed by a finite verb. (The kridantas which behave like a noun or an indeclinable 'avyaya' should not be treated as participles). The kridantas (primary derivatives) which d ...
... verb and rarely like an adjective in a sentence. They inflect for gender, number, case and nominal declension. They may be followed by a finite verb. (The kridantas which behave like a noun or an indeclinable 'avyaya' should not be treated as participles). The kridantas (primary derivatives) which d ...
NOMINATIVE
... Because words are marked with cases, there is no need for a nominative subject to be the first item in a sentence, as in English. The thing that identifies the subject is its nominative case, not its position; no matter where it is, it can be identified as nominative and therefore subject. As we wil ...
... Because words are marked with cases, there is no need for a nominative subject to be the first item in a sentence, as in English. The thing that identifies the subject is its nominative case, not its position; no matter where it is, it can be identified as nominative and therefore subject. As we wil ...
An outline of Proto-Indo-European
... consonant inventory including glottalized stops, also grammatical gender and adjectival agreement, an ergative construction which was lost again but has left its traces in the grammatical system, especially in the nominal inflection, a construction with a dative subject which was partly preserved in ...
... consonant inventory including glottalized stops, also grammatical gender and adjectival agreement, an ergative construction which was lost again but has left its traces in the grammatical system, especially in the nominal inflection, a construction with a dative subject which was partly preserved in ...
À Hubert Cuyckens - Université Paris
... the agglutination of the inherited I.-E. negation *ne and a neuter form of the numeral « one “: Lat. *ne oinom “not one” > nōn « “not”. The specific Latin negation nihil “nothing” is also the result of the inherited negation *ne plus a noun hīlum meaning “a very small thing” and originally, probably ...
... the agglutination of the inherited I.-E. negation *ne and a neuter form of the numeral « one “: Lat. *ne oinom “not one” > nōn « “not”. The specific Latin negation nihil “nothing” is also the result of the inherited negation *ne plus a noun hīlum meaning “a very small thing” and originally, probably ...
Case and Agreement in Polish Predicates
... above for the former possibility),5 if it bears case at all (in (14) it does not). ...
... above for the former possibility),5 if it bears case at all (in (14) it does not). ...
Creole Genesis and Universality: Case, Word Order, and Agreement
... order, and agreement is to answer the question ‘who did what to whom and when, where, how, etc.,’ or in other words, to identify the grammatical and semantic role of all the noun phrases (NPs) in a sentence (Melinger 2009). This thesis will examine the emergence of case, word order, and agreement in ...
... order, and agreement is to answer the question ‘who did what to whom and when, where, how, etc.,’ or in other words, to identify the grammatical and semantic role of all the noun phrases (NPs) in a sentence (Melinger 2009). This thesis will examine the emergence of case, word order, and agreement in ...
1 Introduction to the classic competence vs. performance divide
... IS and RS use the same algorithm A, but RS is affected by complexity (e.g. longer derivations are harder to be computed); c. Algorithmic Equivalence with independent constraints sensitivity IS and RS use the same algorithm, but RS is sensitive to some property of the constraints applied and IS to ot ...
... IS and RS use the same algorithm A, but RS is affected by complexity (e.g. longer derivations are harder to be computed); c. Algorithmic Equivalence with independent constraints sensitivity IS and RS use the same algorithm, but RS is sensitive to some property of the constraints applied and IS to ot ...
Active/agentive Case Marking and Its Motivations
... 1. INTRODUCTION.It has been known for some time that languages can differ substantially in their marking of case. For centuries, descriptions have been available of languages whose core (direct) case categories differ fundamentally from the subjects and direct objects of more familiar European langu ...
... 1. INTRODUCTION.It has been known for some time that languages can differ substantially in their marking of case. For centuries, descriptions have been available of languages whose core (direct) case categories differ fundamentally from the subjects and direct objects of more familiar European langu ...
Dative of Purpose and Reference
... The dative of reference is used when the dative depends not on any one particular word (such as is the case with Dative following special adjectives like amīcus, fidēlis, idoneus, and similis or verbs like crēdō and noceō) but on the general meaning of the sentence. o It is often called the “Dativ ...
... The dative of reference is used when the dative depends not on any one particular word (such as is the case with Dative following special adjectives like amīcus, fidēlis, idoneus, and similis or verbs like crēdō and noceō) but on the general meaning of the sentence. o It is often called the “Dativ ...
Functional Morphology
... has to provide, and it consists of a type system, an inflection engine and a dictionary. The type system gives all word classes and their inflection and inherent parameters, and instances of the Param class and the Dict class. The inflection machinery defines all valid inflection tables, i.e. all pa ...
... has to provide, and it consists of a type system, an inflection engine and a dictionary. The type system gives all word classes and their inflection and inherent parameters, and instances of the Param class and the Dict class. The inflection machinery defines all valid inflection tables, i.e. all pa ...
Eccentric Agreement and Multiple Case-Checking
... derivation, as the arrows indicate: both subject and object raise to T for case-checking, as in (4). What “goes wrong” is in the morphological interpretation of such a clause. As pointed out above, the SAP is obligatory with a subset of inverse constructions, defined as instances in which the object ...
... derivation, as the arrows indicate: both subject and object raise to T for case-checking, as in (4). What “goes wrong” is in the morphological interpretation of such a clause. As pointed out above, the SAP is obligatory with a subset of inverse constructions, defined as instances in which the object ...
Walenty: Towards a comprehensive valence dictionary of Polish
... Another related couple of phenomena widely discussed in the generative literature are control and raising (Rosenbaum, 1967; Landau, 2013). For example, valence schemata of verbs such as PROMISE and ORDER are the same at the purely morphosyntactic level – they combine with an NP subject, an NP object ...
... Another related couple of phenomena widely discussed in the generative literature are control and raising (Rosenbaum, 1967; Landau, 2013). For example, valence schemata of verbs such as PROMISE and ORDER are the same at the purely morphosyntactic level – they combine with an NP subject, an NP object ...
Bare nominals, true and fake vocatives Romance
... Following Dobrovie-Sorin & Laca (2003), Dobrovie-Sorin et al. (2006), and Espinal & McNally (in press) I will assume that bare nominals in object position are NPs or NumPs depending on whether they are unmarked for Number (number neutral bare nominals) or not (bare singulars and bare plurals). Simil ...
... Following Dobrovie-Sorin & Laca (2003), Dobrovie-Sorin et al. (2006), and Espinal & McNally (in press) I will assume that bare nominals in object position are NPs or NumPs depending on whether they are unmarked for Number (number neutral bare nominals) or not (bare singulars and bare plurals). Simil ...
HANDBOOK and GUIDE to LIFE - Catalyst
... D. objective genitive: The objective genitive depends on a noun of verbal meaning and is used as the object of the verbal idea contained in this noun. habesne amorem gloriae? E. genitive of description: The genitive may describe a noun by indicating its character, quality or size. In this constructi ...
... D. objective genitive: The objective genitive depends on a noun of verbal meaning and is used as the object of the verbal idea contained in this noun. habesne amorem gloriae? E. genitive of description: The genitive may describe a noun by indicating its character, quality or size. In this constructi ...
THE PARTIAL PRO-DROP NATURE AND THE
... The aim of this paper is to first present a theory of the NS parameter, based on Kato (1999), which shows that both the possibility of null subjects and the possibility of free inversion can be derived from the same morphological property of the agreement system. I will then show the changes that oc ...
... The aim of this paper is to first present a theory of the NS parameter, based on Kato (1999), which shows that both the possibility of null subjects and the possibility of free inversion can be derived from the same morphological property of the agreement system. I will then show the changes that oc ...
12110/99
... with semantics. Instruments, not surprisingly, take instrumental case. Likewise, adjunct modifiers which are time expressions (i.e. which form a semantic class) all take accusative case. The examples in this section have all been simple declarative sentences, and different types of constructions sho ...
... with semantics. Instruments, not surprisingly, take instrumental case. Likewise, adjunct modifiers which are time expressions (i.e. which form a semantic class) all take accusative case. The examples in this section have all been simple declarative sentences, and different types of constructions sho ...
PART I: Toba Batak Phrase Structure
... exclusive’; ta- for ‘first person inclusive’; and di- for ‘non-first person.’ Examples in this paper will be restricted to non-first person subjects, i.e. the forms ma8- in the Active Mode, and di- in the Passive Mode. Just to give a superficial impression of how the inflectional system works, I hav ...
... exclusive’; ta- for ‘first person inclusive’; and di- for ‘non-first person.’ Examples in this paper will be restricted to non-first person subjects, i.e. the forms ma8- in the Active Mode, and di- in the Passive Mode. Just to give a superficial impression of how the inflectional system works, I hav ...
Case and Event Structure
... For example, the number feature on the subject noun phrase in (1) has a semantic value, indicating the plural nature of that noun phrase; hence, it is interpretable. The number feature on the finite verb (hafa ‘have.P L’), as manifested in agreement morphology, is uninterpretable, because there is n ...
... For example, the number feature on the subject noun phrase in (1) has a semantic value, indicating the plural nature of that noun phrase; hence, it is interpretable. The number feature on the finite verb (hafa ‘have.P L’), as manifested in agreement morphology, is uninterpretable, because there is n ...
Grammatical Relations Author Contact Information Corresponding
... However, these distributional correlations are often probabilistic in nature, rather than deterministic, and exceptions to these generalizations can be abundant and systematic. The confusion is amplified by the fact that traditional grammar does not often distinguish different types of “subjects” a ...
... However, these distributional correlations are often probabilistic in nature, rather than deterministic, and exceptions to these generalizations can be abundant and systematic. The confusion is amplified by the fact that traditional grammar does not often distinguish different types of “subjects” a ...
Week 6a
... feature that is not checked off before its last projection (VP), the requirement is “passed up the tree” to the next head (I), and becomes a requirement of I. Using this, we could say that if V has an Agent specifier feature, it can be passed up to I and satisfied by having an Agent in SpecIP. For n ...
... feature that is not checked off before its last projection (VP), the requirement is “passed up the tree” to the next head (I), and becomes a requirement of I. Using this, we could say that if V has an Agent specifier feature, it can be passed up to I and satisfied by having an Agent in SpecIP. For n ...
Business English At Work, 3/e
... when the pronouns are direct or indirect objects of verbs. Megan asked her for a copy of the report. My friend gave him my e-mail address. The e-mail security presentation impressed Noberto and me. ...
... when the pronouns are direct or indirect objects of verbs. Megan asked her for a copy of the report. My friend gave him my e-mail address. The e-mail security presentation impressed Noberto and me. ...
1 Non-nominative subjects in Hindi/Urdu VP
... e. Nominative case is found on internal arguments, direct object and complex predicate arguments (1)-(3), as well as on the external argument in Spec /TP. So nominative case is not associated exclusively with the position Spec/TP. f. Lexical case (and some component of ergative case) is checked with ...
... e. Nominative case is found on internal arguments, direct object and complex predicate arguments (1)-(3), as well as on the external argument in Spec /TP. So nominative case is not associated exclusively with the position Spec/TP. f. Lexical case (and some component of ergative case) is checked with ...
INTERPRETING SYNTACTICALLY ILL
... dad that a particular context is given. On the oth er hand, it is apparent that those fragments are not consistent with the rules defining the wellformed sentences. Similar problems arise in case the grammar at tempts to cope with conjunctions. In general, ellip sis is meaningful just in case a cont ...
... dad that a particular context is given. On the oth er hand, it is apparent that those fragments are not consistent with the rules defining the wellformed sentences. Similar problems arise in case the grammar at tempts to cope with conjunctions. In general, ellip sis is meaningful just in case a cont ...
European Journal of English Language Teaching CONSERVATION
... types of relative pronouns; namely, general, compound, relative adverbial, and quasirelative, a conservation law in both structures and semantics exists. We start by combining two simple sentences into a resulting sentence with relative pronouns, and, through careful observation and calculation, we ...
... types of relative pronouns; namely, general, compound, relative adverbial, and quasirelative, a conservation law in both structures and semantics exists. We start by combining two simple sentences into a resulting sentence with relative pronouns, and, through careful observation and calculation, we ...
Grammatical case
Case is a grammatical category whose value reflects the grammatical function performed by a noun or pronoun in a phrase, clause, or sentence. In some languages, nouns, pronouns, and their modifiers take different inflected forms depending on what case they are in. English has largely lost its case system, although case distinctions can still be seen with the personal pronouns: forms such as I, he and we are used in the role of subject (""I kicked the ball""), while forms such as me, him and us are used in the role of object (""John kicked me"").Languages such as Ancient Greek, Latin, Sanskrit, Hungarian, Tamil, Russian, Polish, Ukrainian, Serbo-Croatian, Czech, Slovak, Finnish, Latvian and Lithuanian have extensive case systems, with nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and determiners all inflecting (usually by means of different suffixes) to indicate their case. A language may have a number of different cases (Romanian has five, Latin and Russian each have at least six; Polish, Czech, and Serbo-Croatian, Latvian and Lithuanian have 7; Finnish has 15, Hungarian has 18). Commonly encountered cases include nominative, accusative, dative, and genitive. A role that one of these languages marks by case will often be marked in English using a preposition. For example, the English prepositional phrase with (his) foot (as in ""John kicked the ball with his foot"") might be rendered in Russian using a single noun in the instrumental case, or in Ancient Greek as τῷ ποδί tōi podi, meaning ""the foot"" with both words (the definite article, and the noun πούς pous, ""foot"") changing to dative form.As a language evolves, cases can merge (for instance in Ancient Greek genitive and dative have merged as genitive), a phenomenon formally called syncretism.More formally, case has been defined as ""a system of marking dependent nouns for the type of relationship they bear to their heads."" Cases should be distinguished from thematic roles such as agent and patient. They are often closely related, and in languages such as Latin several thematic roles have an associated case, but cases are a morphological notion, while thematic roles are a semantic one. Languages having cases often exhibit free word order, since thematic roles are not required to be marked by position in the sentence.