Proto-Austronesian Genitive Determiners
... Determiners not only signal the case relation of the NP which they (generally) introduce, but they usually also indicate whether the head noun is personal or common, whether it is singular or plural, and not infrequently such other information as the definiteness or specificity of the head noun as w ...
... Determiners not only signal the case relation of the NP which they (generally) introduce, but they usually also indicate whether the head noun is personal or common, whether it is singular or plural, and not infrequently such other information as the definiteness or specificity of the head noun as w ...
Unmarked Case
... treated as lacking a value for the CASE feature on the grounds of the use of nominative forms for left-dislocated constituents and nonagreeing predicate modifiers in Icelandic, as well as the lack of quirky nominative. However, approaches of this kind are the exception in generative work. While lack ...
... treated as lacking a value for the CASE feature on the grounds of the use of nominative forms for left-dislocated constituents and nonagreeing predicate modifiers in Icelandic, as well as the lack of quirky nominative. However, approaches of this kind are the exception in generative work. While lack ...
Ancient Greek for Everyone
... • Greek uses four cases: – Study the sentences below. – They are the same sentence as on the previous slides, but with pronouns substituted for the nouns. – Why are the sentences still wrong? – English uses case forms for personal pronouns, but not for nouns. Greek uses case forms for nearly all nou ...
... • Greek uses four cases: – Study the sentences below. – They are the same sentence as on the previous slides, but with pronouns substituted for the nouns. – Why are the sentences still wrong? – English uses case forms for personal pronouns, but not for nouns. Greek uses case forms for nearly all nou ...
The Story of Preposition Addition: The Transition from RyanJ.
... literature, and therefore have more sources to collect unambiguous data from. I am not terribly limited in finding trends, because trends should be more or less present in all the texts. But when it comes to finding, for example, archaic uses of pces in early modern Russian, I must step aside to my ...
... literature, and therefore have more sources to collect unambiguous data from. I am not terribly limited in finding trends, because trends should be more or less present in all the texts. But when it comes to finding, for example, archaic uses of pces in early modern Russian, I must step aside to my ...
Inevitable reanalysis - Universität Konstanz
... fare ‘to do / make’, or rather from clauses containing these verbs (‘two years gone, …’, ‘it makes two years that …’); English down, ultimately deriving from a prepositional phrase (of dūne ‘from the hill’), originally did not take a noun phrase complement but was to permit one later (to slide down ...
... fare ‘to do / make’, or rather from clauses containing these verbs (‘two years gone, …’, ‘it makes two years that …’); English down, ultimately deriving from a prepositional phrase (of dūne ‘from the hill’), originally did not take a noun phrase complement but was to permit one later (to slide down ...
Cuing a new grammar
... grammar change is fused with work on variation and the acquisition of grammars. We explain the emergence of the new grammar and the explanation illuminates the nature of the child’s triggering experience and the way in which children acquire their linguistic capacities; the study of grammar change ...
... grammar change is fused with work on variation and the acquisition of grammars. We explain the emergence of the new grammar and the explanation illuminates the nature of the child’s triggering experience and the way in which children acquire their linguistic capacities; the study of grammar change ...
The Book of Grammar
... replacing) in number. →The teacher told the student that _______ had failed the test. • they or s/he? ...
... replacing) in number. →The teacher told the student that _______ had failed the test. • they or s/he? ...
first language - Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
... carry information about gender and number as well as case, and by the fact that some case forms are used in multiple functions (e.g., in the above examples, der, masculine nominative, can also be used in other contexts as a feminine dative determiner). Word order in German is relatively variable, an ...
... carry information about gender and number as well as case, and by the fact that some case forms are used in multiple functions (e.g., in the above examples, der, masculine nominative, can also be used in other contexts as a feminine dative determiner). Word order in German is relatively variable, an ...
PowerPoint
... • A pronoun in subject position of a finite clause has nominative (subject) case: – I left; he left; she left; we left; they left. • A pronoun in object position has accusative (object) case: – J met me; J met him; J met her; J met us; J met them. ...
... • A pronoun in subject position of a finite clause has nominative (subject) case: – I left; he left; she left; we left; they left. • A pronoun in object position has accusative (object) case: – J met me; J met him; J met her; J met us; J met them. ...
Chapter 4 Chapter 4 Nouns, Pronouns , Pronouns , Pronouns and
... first person dual subject resumptive pronoun ehya (1DU:RSUMP) ‘we two’ versus the non-first person feminine dual subject resumptive pronoun efya (N1FDU:RSUMP) ‘you/ they two’. For dual and plural first person references, an inclusive-exclusive distinction is made by the object pronouns (§4.6.2), and ...
... first person dual subject resumptive pronoun ehya (1DU:RSUMP) ‘we two’ versus the non-first person feminine dual subject resumptive pronoun efya (N1FDU:RSUMP) ‘you/ they two’. For dual and plural first person references, an inclusive-exclusive distinction is made by the object pronouns (§4.6.2), and ...
Case in German – An HPSG Analysis
... From looking at Pollard’s (1994) entries it is not clear where the feature ERG is located. As he lists HEAD features and as ERG is at the same level like COMPS , it seems to be the case that Pollard assumes the path SYNSEM jLOCjCAT for ERG . However, the analysis for remote passive suggested by Poll ...
... From looking at Pollard’s (1994) entries it is not clear where the feature ERG is located. As he lists HEAD features and as ERG is at the same level like COMPS , it seems to be the case that Pollard assumes the path SYNSEM jLOCjCAT for ERG . However, the analysis for remote passive suggested by Poll ...
Summary of my doctoral dissertation
... The typological status of Formosan languages, Philippine languages, and other socalled “Philippine type languages” has been one of the great mysteries in the study of the syntax of the world’s languages. They have often been assumed to be typologically unique in possessing the so-called “focus syste ...
... The typological status of Formosan languages, Philippine languages, and other socalled “Philippine type languages” has been one of the great mysteries in the study of the syntax of the world’s languages. They have often been assumed to be typologically unique in possessing the so-called “focus syste ...
full text pdf
... Comitative-instrumental and Causal-final. These are the most important cases from the point of view of our research, as we focus on the possibilities of expressing them in a language which does not have such categories. ...
... Comitative-instrumental and Causal-final. These are the most important cases from the point of view of our research, as we focus on the possibilities of expressing them in a language which does not have such categories. ...
Case Matching in Bavarian Relative Clauses: A
... The discussion of examples (13) shows that conditions for omitting resumptive pronouns from sentences with free relative are exactly parallel to the case of omitted relative words in wo relative clauses: either case matching is required between the w-pronoun of the free relative and the omittable r ...
... The discussion of examples (13) shows that conditions for omitting resumptive pronouns from sentences with free relative are exactly parallel to the case of omitted relative words in wo relative clauses: either case matching is required between the w-pronoun of the free relative and the omittable r ...
extraction of simple sentences from mixed
... In comparison with English, Korean requires a variety of considerations in developing morphological analyzers. So does it in working on extracting simple sentences from mixed sentences. Therefore, we should, first of all, know the information status in current Korean dictionaries and the linguistic ...
... In comparison with English, Korean requires a variety of considerations in developing morphological analyzers. So does it in working on extracting simple sentences from mixed sentences. Therefore, we should, first of all, know the information status in current Korean dictionaries and the linguistic ...
Pronouns: Case and Reference
... When a verb’s -ing form functions as a NOUN, it’s called a GERUND: Brisk walking is excellent exercise. When a noun or PRONOUN comes before a gerund, the POSSESSIVE CASE is required: His brisk walking built up his stamina. In contrast, when a verb’s -ing form functions as a MODIFIER, it requires the ...
... When a verb’s -ing form functions as a NOUN, it’s called a GERUND: Brisk walking is excellent exercise. When a noun or PRONOUN comes before a gerund, the POSSESSIVE CASE is required: His brisk walking built up his stamina. In contrast, when a verb’s -ing form functions as a MODIFIER, it requires the ...
Gerunds
... If the gerund is the subject or direct object, the infinitive is used instead of an –nd- form. Use of the gerund with ad to show purpose (page 170) Use of the gerund in the genitive case preceding causā to show purpose (page 170) The gerund in the ablative case usually expresses cause or mea ...
... If the gerund is the subject or direct object, the infinitive is used instead of an –nd- form. Use of the gerund with ad to show purpose (page 170) Use of the gerund in the genitive case preceding causā to show purpose (page 170) The gerund in the ablative case usually expresses cause or mea ...
Chapter 5 - public.asu.edu
... to Malchukov (2008), animacy is redundant for the semantic role but not for the grammatical one. I come back to DOM in section 4. Subjects can also be differentially marked, as e.g. Cennamo (2009) has shown. Structural Cases such as the nominative and accusative are, in recent minimalism, seen as as ...
... to Malchukov (2008), animacy is redundant for the semantic role but not for the grammatical one. I come back to DOM in section 4. Subjects can also be differentially marked, as e.g. Cennamo (2009) has shown. Structural Cases such as the nominative and accusative are, in recent minimalism, seen as as ...
Case checking vs. case assignment and the case of adverbial NPs
... it is not allowed to take place. Alternatively, (11) can be ruled out via Case theory: if ovladati and sa check Case against each other, the object NP cannot be Case-checked. (In other words, the Case feature of one of the relevant elements must remain unchecked.) What we have in (13), then, is a s ...
... it is not allowed to take place. Alternatively, (11) can be ruled out via Case theory: if ovladati and sa check Case against each other, the object NP cannot be Case-checked. (In other words, the Case feature of one of the relevant elements must remain unchecked.) What we have in (13), then, is a s ...
Lecture 9: Grammatical Functions
... Both of these strategies have been taken. Those who take the former, tend to call the common Case in transitive and intransitive environments ‘nominative’ and the other Case ‘accusative’ for the English-type system and ‘ergative’ for the Tsez-type system. Those who favour the latter call the common ...
... Both of these strategies have been taken. Those who take the former, tend to call the common Case in transitive and intransitive environments ‘nominative’ and the other Case ‘accusative’ for the English-type system and ‘ergative’ for the Tsez-type system. Those who favour the latter call the common ...
Case marking in infinitive (ad- form) clauses in Old Georgian1
... Non-finite forms in Modern Georgian include participles and masdars (verbnouns). Participles are declined as nouns, are formed from the finite forms of the verb, and usually they have the same functions as adjectives. Masdars are also case marked like nouns, but are formed from the finite forms of t ...
... Non-finite forms in Modern Georgian include participles and masdars (verbnouns). Participles are declined as nouns, are formed from the finite forms of the verb, and usually they have the same functions as adjectives. Masdars are also case marked like nouns, but are formed from the finite forms of t ...
Case marking in infinitive (ad- form)
... forms of the verb, and usually they have the same functions as adjectives. Masdars are also case marked like nouns, but are formed from the fmite forms of the verb and usually have the same functions as nouns. In Old Georgian, a third non-finite form is found. Formally, it is a masdar in the adverbi ...
... forms of the verb, and usually they have the same functions as adjectives. Masdars are also case marked like nouns, but are formed from the fmite forms of the verb and usually have the same functions as nouns. In Old Georgian, a third non-finite form is found. Formally, it is a masdar in the adverbi ...
Deriving Behavior Specifications from Textual Use Cases
... lists of operations of conceptual objects and system sequence diagrams from (textual) use cases. In a sentence following the SVDPI pattern (premise 2), subject is the entity performing the action and the verb describes the action. Further, the direct object of the sentence describes the data being p ...
... lists of operations of conceptual objects and system sequence diagrams from (textual) use cases. In a sentence following the SVDPI pattern (premise 2), subject is the entity performing the action and the verb describes the action. Further, the direct object of the sentence describes the data being p ...
ßçűę. Ęîíńňŕíňű. Ďĺđĺěĺííűĺ
... In Section 5, I show that Akhvakh has a functive-transformative marker that meets the conditions for being analyzed as a case suffix. Section 6 extends the discussion to the other AvarAndi-Tsez languages. In Section 7, I discuss the possible existence of more or less similar functive-transformative ...
... In Section 5, I show that Akhvakh has a functive-transformative marker that meets the conditions for being analyzed as a case suffix. Section 6 extends the discussion to the other AvarAndi-Tsez languages. In Section 7, I discuss the possible existence of more or less similar functive-transformative ...
Grammatical case
Case is a grammatical category whose value reflects the grammatical function performed by a noun or pronoun in a phrase, clause, or sentence. In some languages, nouns, pronouns, and their modifiers take different inflected forms depending on what case they are in. English has largely lost its case system, although case distinctions can still be seen with the personal pronouns: forms such as I, he and we are used in the role of subject (""I kicked the ball""), while forms such as me, him and us are used in the role of object (""John kicked me"").Languages such as Ancient Greek, Latin, Sanskrit, Hungarian, Tamil, Russian, Polish, Ukrainian, Serbo-Croatian, Czech, Slovak, Finnish, Latvian and Lithuanian have extensive case systems, with nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and determiners all inflecting (usually by means of different suffixes) to indicate their case. A language may have a number of different cases (Romanian has five, Latin and Russian each have at least six; Polish, Czech, and Serbo-Croatian, Latvian and Lithuanian have 7; Finnish has 15, Hungarian has 18). Commonly encountered cases include nominative, accusative, dative, and genitive. A role that one of these languages marks by case will often be marked in English using a preposition. For example, the English prepositional phrase with (his) foot (as in ""John kicked the ball with his foot"") might be rendered in Russian using a single noun in the instrumental case, or in Ancient Greek as τῷ ποδί tōi podi, meaning ""the foot"" with both words (the definite article, and the noun πούς pous, ""foot"") changing to dative form.As a language evolves, cases can merge (for instance in Ancient Greek genitive and dative have merged as genitive), a phenomenon formally called syncretism.More formally, case has been defined as ""a system of marking dependent nouns for the type of relationship they bear to their heads."" Cases should be distinguished from thematic roles such as agent and patient. They are often closely related, and in languages such as Latin several thematic roles have an associated case, but cases are a morphological notion, while thematic roles are a semantic one. Languages having cases often exhibit free word order, since thematic roles are not required to be marked by position in the sentence.