6 - Rutgers Optimality Archive
... (1968) proposed such a direct connection with his ‘deep cases’. The system of abstract cases might be the same universally. This is quite clear for thematic roles, but it is not obvious for the structural cases. Not all languages have a genuine morphological case for subjects, as, e.g., exemplified ...
... (1968) proposed such a direct connection with his ‘deep cases’. The system of abstract cases might be the same universally. This is quite clear for thematic roles, but it is not obvious for the structural cases. Not all languages have a genuine morphological case for subjects, as, e.g., exemplified ...
Structural Case and Dependency Marking: A Neo
... The idea is that Merge is invariably asymmetric, yielding an ordered pair rather than a set (see Zwart 2004, 2006). The operation Merge immediately creates a dependency, where the nondependent element may share features with the dependent element (see also Koster 1987). In our example, the predicate ...
... The idea is that Merge is invariably asymmetric, yielding an ordered pair rather than a set (see Zwart 2004, 2006). The operation Merge immediately creates a dependency, where the nondependent element may share features with the dependent element (see also Koster 1987). In our example, the predicate ...
view
... English and Japanese are fairly different languages from each other. Accordingly, it will be necessary to make translation based on a kind of deep structures of sentences which determines sentential forms schematically in respective languages. The case structure used here is a conventional one which ...
... English and Japanese are fairly different languages from each other. Accordingly, it will be necessary to make translation based on a kind of deep structures of sentences which determines sentential forms schematically in respective languages. The case structure used here is a conventional one which ...
A Finite State Processing Oriya Nominal Forms:
... Such a process gets iterated until the machine reaches the final state, successfully recognizing all the morphemes in the input string. But if the machine gets some input that does not match an arc, then it gets stuck there and never gets to the final state. This is considered as the FSNmachine reje ...
... Such a process gets iterated until the machine reaches the final state, successfully recognizing all the morphemes in the input string. But if the machine gets some input that does not match an arc, then it gets stuck there and never gets to the final state. This is considered as the FSNmachine reje ...
Usage - Pronoun Case
... sentence. Who is subjective case like the pronouns he, she, they, I, and we. Use who as the subject or subjective complement of a sentence. ...
... sentence. Who is subjective case like the pronouns he, she, they, I, and we. Use who as the subject or subjective complement of a sentence. ...
Dative pertinacity. - Universität Konstanz
... These data show that anything with nominal features can be nominative or accusative, but not a dative or a genitive. The latter require explicit Case morphology. 4. The dative as a Kase Phrase Datives have a strong resemblance with PPs and seem to form a natural class with them. (Cf. Kayne (1984: ch ...
... These data show that anything with nominal features can be nominative or accusative, but not a dative or a genitive. The latter require explicit Case morphology. 4. The dative as a Kase Phrase Datives have a strong resemblance with PPs and seem to form a natural class with them. (Cf. Kayne (1984: ch ...
Derive case successive-cyclically in Amis clauses and
... languages where subjects in perfect(ive)s are differentially marked. Bjorkman (2011), building on earlier works on auxiliaries (Kayne 1993, a.o.), argues that perfect(ive)s contain an Asp head with a D/P-related feature. In some languages, Asp Agrees with the subject and differential subject marking ...
... languages where subjects in perfect(ive)s are differentially marked. Bjorkman (2011), building on earlier works on auxiliaries (Kayne 1993, a.o.), argues that perfect(ive)s contain an Asp head with a D/P-related feature. In some languages, Asp Agrees with the subject and differential subject marking ...
"The Case for Case Reopened", 34-47
... senses of "hurt" and "copy, " and so, for purely nonsystematic reasons. the method would yield different results for these other languages. This objection, too, I take as misunderstanding. These arguments are not offered as definitions of cases, but rather as steps for pointing out case distinctions ...
... senses of "hurt" and "copy, " and so, for purely nonsystematic reasons. the method would yield different results for these other languages. This objection, too, I take as misunderstanding. These arguments are not offered as definitions of cases, but rather as steps for pointing out case distinctions ...
89212104-Ch.8
... When they are in the subject position of an ECM clause, the pronoun has the objective form. 8.4.4 Head-movement in DPs The parallelism we have drawn between noun phrases and clauses, in particular the idea that the D of noun phrases may include Agr, raises the interesting question of how Agr merge ...
... When they are in the subject position of an ECM clause, the pronoun has the objective form. 8.4.4 Head-movement in DPs The parallelism we have drawn between noun phrases and clauses, in particular the idea that the D of noun phrases may include Agr, raises the interesting question of how Agr merge ...
Chapter 11: Pronouns īdem
... same word. Both evolved from a form that looked like ego ─ so Latin actually changed the form of this pronoun very little ─ but in English the inherited -g- transformed at some point into a /kh/ sound. This ended up as a form that sounded like /ik/ which is still the Dutch word for “I,” cf. German i ...
... same word. Both evolved from a form that looked like ego ─ so Latin actually changed the form of this pronoun very little ─ but in English the inherited -g- transformed at some point into a /kh/ sound. This ended up as a form that sounded like /ik/ which is still the Dutch word for “I,” cf. German i ...
5.7 Nominative Case and Objective Case Pronouns
... Chapter 5 – Usage of Verbs, Pronouns, & Modifiers ...
... Chapter 5 – Usage of Verbs, Pronouns, & Modifiers ...
2. Theoretical Issues with Case and Agreement
... (Icelandic is a verb-second language and negation comes after the verb.) ...
... (Icelandic is a verb-second language and negation comes after the verb.) ...
Case-theory: a solution of the bound pronoun problem in Romance
... object NP in this sentence is specific. One expects to hear this sentence in spoken form expressed by someone who is inquiring after the whereabouts of a certain person describing her as a secretary dressed in white. 5. Two types of objective Case In the work of various authors we can find the idea, ...
... object NP in this sentence is specific. One expects to hear this sentence in spoken form expressed by someone who is inquiring after the whereabouts of a certain person describing her as a secretary dressed in white. 5. Two types of objective Case In the work of various authors we can find the idea, ...
System for Grammatical relations in Urdu
... anguages of the world exhibit tremendous diversity when it comes to defining their grammatical traits. Some of them act to be accusative while others behave ergative. The one’s those are classified as ergative often have in fact dual personalities, which means occasionally they show nominative-accus ...
... anguages of the world exhibit tremendous diversity when it comes to defining their grammatical traits. Some of them act to be accusative while others behave ergative. The one’s those are classified as ergative often have in fact dual personalities, which means occasionally they show nominative-accus ...
STAGE 3-NEGOTIUM
... In Stage 2, we had the preposition “in”; we learned that when it means in or on, it takes its object in the ablative case. However, “in” can also mean into or onto. When it means into or onto, it takes its object in the accusative case. In this stage we meet two more prepositions: ad (which takes a ...
... In Stage 2, we had the preposition “in”; we learned that when it means in or on, it takes its object in the ablative case. However, “in” can also mean into or onto. When it means into or onto, it takes its object in the accusative case. In this stage we meet two more prepositions: ad (which takes a ...
SENSITIVE PARSING: ERROR ANALYSIS AND EXPLANATION IN
... corresponds in German to different types of embedded phrases), and by the feature embedded with values + and u indicating whether a sentence or a noun phrase contains •embedded phrases. We have constructed a grammar using 25 syntactic and 40 semantic features. To our knowledge, until now feature gra ...
... corresponds in German to different types of embedded phrases), and by the feature embedded with values + and u indicating whether a sentence or a noun phrase contains •embedded phrases. We have constructed a grammar using 25 syntactic and 40 semantic features. To our knowledge, until now feature gra ...
Cases of Pronouns
... Nominative Case The nominative case of a personal pronoun is used when the pronoun functions as a subject or a predicate nominative. When a pronoun functions as a predicate nominative, it is called a predicate pronoun. It immediately follows a linking verb and identifies the subject of the sentence. ...
... Nominative Case The nominative case of a personal pronoun is used when the pronoun functions as a subject or a predicate nominative. When a pronoun functions as a predicate nominative, it is called a predicate pronoun. It immediately follows a linking verb and identifies the subject of the sentence. ...
Accusative Case - David S. Danaher
... One of the most frequent uses of the accusative is as the direct object of a verb. Verbs that have direct objects are called transitive verbs, and we can think of a typical scenario in which someone (an agent or doer of an action) transfers the energy of the verb directly onto something else (the ob ...
... One of the most frequent uses of the accusative is as the direct object of a verb. Verbs that have direct objects are called transitive verbs, and we can think of a typical scenario in which someone (an agent or doer of an action) transfers the energy of the verb directly onto something else (the ob ...
The fast vocabulary-based algorithm for natural language word form
... be done more precisely by taking into account how close to the new word was the existing rule in the hierarchy. 6. In the proposed model, the hierarchy of word types contains three levels (Supertypes - Kinds - Families) described below. (a) Supertypes are the largest sets of words sharing the same i ...
... be done more precisely by taking into account how close to the new word was the existing rule in the hierarchy. 6. In the proposed model, the hierarchy of word types contains three levels (Supertypes - Kinds - Families) described below. (a) Supertypes are the largest sets of words sharing the same i ...
Phrase book English-German
... 3. Wonderful world of German grammar 3.1. Overview of German sentence structures German sentence structures are famous for being on the heavy side. This is mainly due to the fact that German language loves subordinate clauses, which may follow each other consecutively and could, in principle, conti ...
... 3. Wonderful world of German grammar 3.1. Overview of German sentence structures German sentence structures are famous for being on the heavy side. This is mainly due to the fact that German language loves subordinate clauses, which may follow each other consecutively and could, in principle, conti ...
The Tamil Case System
... cases are made to fit into one because of some notion that the system had to have seven and only seven cases. To Indo-Aryanists it will be obvious that much of the above NMG system is modeled on the case system of Sanskrit, which has seven or eight cases (ablative and genitive are often subsumed und ...
... cases are made to fit into one because of some notion that the system had to have seven and only seven cases. To Indo-Aryanists it will be obvious that much of the above NMG system is modeled on the case system of Sanskrit, which has seven or eight cases (ablative and genitive are often subsumed und ...
Chapter 2 - Fundamentals of New Testament Greek
... Second declension, or o-class, nouns are usually masculine nouns (as ὁ κύριος), although there is a significant number of neuter nouns (τὸ ἔργον) and a small number of feminine nouns (ἡ ὁδός) in this declension. What distinguishes them is the presence of ...
... Second declension, or o-class, nouns are usually masculine nouns (as ὁ κύριος), although there is a significant number of neuter nouns (τὸ ἔργον) and a small number of feminine nouns (ἡ ὁδός) in this declension. What distinguishes them is the presence of ...
Pronoun Agreement
... The late arrivals—he, she, and I—will have extra homework tonight. The article you are reading mentions the winners, her and me. ...
... The late arrivals—he, she, and I—will have extra homework tonight. The article you are reading mentions the winners, her and me. ...
lesson 3 - Arabic Gems
... exactly its case is displayed While in general certain vowels are used to show case, sometimes it happens that a word cannot display it as such and so will take on a different appearance….therefore you cannot rely on solely looking at which final vowel a word takes to identify its case. Rather, look ...
... exactly its case is displayed While in general certain vowels are used to show case, sometimes it happens that a word cannot display it as such and so will take on a different appearance….therefore you cannot rely on solely looking at which final vowel a word takes to identify its case. Rather, look ...
Grammatical case
Case is a grammatical category whose value reflects the grammatical function performed by a noun or pronoun in a phrase, clause, or sentence. In some languages, nouns, pronouns, and their modifiers take different inflected forms depending on what case they are in. English has largely lost its case system, although case distinctions can still be seen with the personal pronouns: forms such as I, he and we are used in the role of subject (""I kicked the ball""), while forms such as me, him and us are used in the role of object (""John kicked me"").Languages such as Ancient Greek, Latin, Sanskrit, Hungarian, Tamil, Russian, Polish, Ukrainian, Serbo-Croatian, Czech, Slovak, Finnish, Latvian and Lithuanian have extensive case systems, with nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and determiners all inflecting (usually by means of different suffixes) to indicate their case. A language may have a number of different cases (Romanian has five, Latin and Russian each have at least six; Polish, Czech, and Serbo-Croatian, Latvian and Lithuanian have 7; Finnish has 15, Hungarian has 18). Commonly encountered cases include nominative, accusative, dative, and genitive. A role that one of these languages marks by case will often be marked in English using a preposition. For example, the English prepositional phrase with (his) foot (as in ""John kicked the ball with his foot"") might be rendered in Russian using a single noun in the instrumental case, or in Ancient Greek as τῷ ποδί tōi podi, meaning ""the foot"" with both words (the definite article, and the noun πούς pous, ""foot"") changing to dative form.As a language evolves, cases can merge (for instance in Ancient Greek genitive and dative have merged as genitive), a phenomenon formally called syncretism.More formally, case has been defined as ""a system of marking dependent nouns for the type of relationship they bear to their heads."" Cases should be distinguished from thematic roles such as agent and patient. They are often closely related, and in languages such as Latin several thematic roles have an associated case, but cases are a morphological notion, while thematic roles are a semantic one. Languages having cases often exhibit free word order, since thematic roles are not required to be marked by position in the sentence.