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Pronoun Agreement
Chapter 17 pg 547-571
Case Forms
Case is the form
that a noun or pronoun
takes to show its
relationship to other
words in a sentence
Nominative
I, we, you, he,
she, it, they
Subject of verbs
Objective
Me, us, you, him,
Her, it, them
Direct objects,
Indirect object,
Object of prepositions
Possessive
My, mine, our, ours,
Your, yours, his,
Her, hers, its, their
Theirs
Show ownership
Practice: Ex 1 pg 548
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Identify personal pronouns and give person, number, and
case
Jeffery mentioned your interest in African art and
Francine’s interest in modern art.
Jeffery mentioned your interest in African art and
Francine’s interest in modern art.
Second person, singular/plural, possessive
Practice: Ex 1 pg 548
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Did you and she know that African masks like the one
below left influenced the development of the
Modernist movement in art?
Did you and she know that African masks like the one
below left influenced the development of the
Modernist movement in art?
You: second person, singular, nominative
She: third person, singular, nominative
Practice: Ex 1 pg 548
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I’ve learned that African carvings inspired such twentiethcentury artists as Pablo Picasso, who created this painting
on the right.
I’ve learned that African carvings inspired such twentiethcentury artists as Pablo Picasso, who created this painting
on the right.
I: first person, singular, nominative
Practice: Ex 1 pg 548
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The year 1905 was probably when he and his friends first
saw African masks exhibited in Paris.
The year 1905 was probably when he and his friends first
saw African masks exhibited in Paris.
He: third person, singular, nominative
His: third person, singular, possessive
Practice: Ex 1 pg 548
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Amedeo Modigliani was especially affected by the
stark masks, and he and Picasso created many works
based upon them.
Amedeo Modigliani was especially affected by the
stark masks, and he and Picasso created many works
based upon them.
He: third person, singular, nominative
Them: third person, plural, objective
You Try! Finish numbers 6-10 on your own.
New Information
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Learning Target
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Students will use pronouns in the nominative case correctly.
Success Criteria
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I can use my notes on nominative case pronouns to use them
correctly in context.
The Nominative Case
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Pronouns are used as the subjects of verbs (i.e. the
subject of the sentence) or as predicate nominatives.
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Generally found after the verb, they describe or rename the
subject
Ms.VanderMeer is a surprisingly good chef
Ms.VanderMeer = chef
I,You, He, She, It, We, They
The Nominative Case
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Use I,You, He, She, It, We, or They when telling whom
or what the sentence or clause is about
Examples
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She became an actor.
He knows that they egged the house.
Johnny and he are on the football team.
Johnny and she went on a date last week.
The date was bad, so she and Johnny broke up.
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Poor Johnny.
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The Nominative Case: Practice
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She and I gave the dog a bath.
Terry and he plan to try out for the soccer team.
We sophomores organized the recycling campaign.
James Earl Jones and she are excellent role models
for young actors.
Are you and he doing the report?
Either we or they may go to the championship finals.
The drill team and we took the bus.
The twins said that they go everywhere together.
The Nominative Case: Practice
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Exercise Two page 550
The judge and ____ studied the evidence.
The judge and she studied the evidence.
Ted and ____ took the wrong train.
Ted and he took the wrong train.
Linda and ____ are planning a party.
Linda and I are planning a party.
You do the rest!
The Nominative Case
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A predicate nominative completes the meaning of a
linking verb and refers to the subject of the verb.
A personal pronoun generally completes a form of
the verb “be”: is, am, are, was, were, be, being, been.
It was he who pulled the fire alarm.
It = he
The owners of the store were they.
They = the owners
The Nominative Case: Practice
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Exercise Four page 551
Do you think it was ____?
Do you think it was she?
It must have been ____.
It must have been he.
Good friends are ____.
Good friends are they.
Your turn! Finish this exercise, then complete Review
A on pages 551-552
New Information
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Learning Target
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Students will use objective case pronouns correctly in context.
Success Criteria
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I can use my notes on objective case pronouns to make sure I
am using them correctly in context.
The Objective Case
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Me,You, Him, Her, It, Us, Them
Used as:
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Direct Objects
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Indirect Objects
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Tells who or what receives the action
The presenter bored him and me.
Tells to whom or to what, or for whom or for what the action is done
The teacher taught us a lesson on metaphors.
Objects of a Preposition
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Follows a preposition and is part of the prepositional phrase
The center passed the ball to her.
Objective Case: More Examples
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Direct Object—answers who or what?
Mike met her at the fair.
Mike likes her a lot.
She left him at the bus stop where she met her boyfriend.
She kissed him while getting on the bus.
Mike saw them riding the bus to town.
Mike followed them on his bike.
Mike punched him in the face.
The police arrested Mike for assault.
The police bring him in front of a jury.
Objective Case: More Examples
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Indirect Objects—answer to or for whom or what?
Mike told them his story.
The jury gave him a chance to make things right.
Mike wrote her a note telling her he was sorry.
Mike even gave her a bouquet of roses to prove it.
Objective Case: More Examples
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Object of a Preposition—follows a preposition
(squirrels and trees)
The flowers Mike sent to her touched her heart.
She wrote back to him saying she was sorry.
She is going to break up with her boyfriend for him.
She tells her old boyfriend to stay away from them.
Mike breaks out of prison to run away with her.
Objective Case: Examples
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There were calls for Walker and us.
This message is from Dolores and her.
With Arnie and them were the Malone twins.
Margo looked toward Francine and me.
They gave copies to him and me.
This drawing is by either Hector or him.
Don’t hold this against Cho and her.
Between Vince and him sat an iguana.
Objective Case: Practice
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Exercise 5 page 553
The old sailor warned ____ about the danger.
The old sailor warned us about the danger.
The city awarded ____ its highest honor for bravery.
The city awarded them its highest honor for bravery.
Your turn! Finish this exercise and exercise 6 on
page 555.
New Information
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Learning Targets
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Students will know when to use the possessive case.
Students will know when to use who or whom.
Success Criteria
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I can use what I know about subjects and objects to determine
the correct use of who/whom.
The Possessive Case
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My, Mine,Your,Yours, His, Her, Hers, Its, Our, Ours,
Their, Theirs
Shows ownership or possession
Sometimes can be used in the same was as
nominative and objective cases
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Mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs
Mine is yellow. (subject)
The broken glass was his. (pred. nom.)
Molly takes theirs out on Saturday. (dir. ob.)
Molly gave yours a lecture on tidiness. (in. ob.)
They brought the car to ours to be fixed. (ob. of prep.)
The Possessive Case
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My,Your, His, Her, Its, Our, Their: modify nouns and
pronouns
This is my house.
Why don’t you use your own book?
Leave his cat alone.
**These can also be referred to as adjectives**
The Possessive Case: Gerunds
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Gerund: verb that ends in –ing and acts like a noun
Pronouns modifying gerunds need to be in the possessive case
because (technically) a gerund = a noun
Gerund DOES NOT EQUAL a present participle (verb that
ends in –ing that is actually a verb or adjective) Consider these
two sentences:
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Whitaker did not like the woman standing in front of him at the parade.
Whitaker did not like the woman’s standing in front of him at the parade.
We all supported his deciding to go into the army.
We all saw him exercising daily.
Who or Whom Really Cares?
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Used in a subordinate clause
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Looks like a complete sentence, but doesn’t form a complete
thought
Has subject and verb, doesn’t pass the “I know that” test
Nominative Case: use who, whoever
Objective Case: Use whom, whomever
We Do!
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To determine whether you need to use who or whom
1. Find the subordinate clause
Roscoe is the only student (who/whom) earned a perfect
score.
2. Find the verb
Roscoe is the only student (who/whom) earned a perfect
score.
3. Determine if the (who/whom) is functioning as a subject or
an object
Roscoe is the only student who earned a perfect score.
Who is the subject of the verb earned
Who or Whom?
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1. Find the subordinate clause
Did they say (who/whom) the winner is?
2. Find the verb
Did they say (who/whom) the winner is?
3. Determine if the (who/whom) is acting as a subject or
object
Did they say who the winner is?
Who is the subject of the verb is
Who or Whom?
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1. Find the subordinate clause
I saw Sabrina (who/whom) I know from school.
2. Identify the verb
I saw Sabrina (who/whom) I know from school.
3. Determine if the (who/whom) is acting as a
subject or an object
I saw Sabrina, whom I know from school.
Whom is the object of the verb know
Who practices with whom?
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The weatherman (who/whom) is on Channel 7 is always
wrong.
The weatherman (who/whom) is on Channel 7 is always
wrong.
The weatherman (who/whom) is on Channel 7 is always
wrong.
The weatherman who is on Channel 7 is always wrong.
Who practices with whom?
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She married a man (who/whom) she met at school.
She married a man (who/whom) she met at school.
She married a man (who/whom) she met at school.
She married a man whom she met at school.
Who practices with whom?
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I know a person (who/whom) would be perfect for
the part!
I know a person (who/whom) would be perfect for
the part!
I know a person who would be perfect for the part!
I called the couple (who/whom) had answered the ad.
I called the couple (who/whom) had answered the ad.
I called the couple who had answered the ad.
What Do You Notice?
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Use WHO when the next word is a verb
The woman who answered the phone took my order.
Use WHOM when the next word is not a verb
The manager called in the pitcher whom they had
recently acquired in a trade.
**CAUTION** sometimes adverbs can slip between
WHO and the verb following!
I know a man who always drives really fast.
Your Turn! (possessive pronoun)
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Complete Ex 8 and 9 pg 559-560
DON’T GUESS!
New Information
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Learning Target
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Students will recognize appositive in context.
Success Criteria
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Students will use what they know about appositives to select
appropriate pronouns.
Appositives
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An appositive is a group of words that appears next to
and re-names a noun.
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The Vikings’ last game, an overall bloody battle, was extremely
exciting!
Pronouns used as appositives must be in the same case as
the noun to which they refer.
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The late arrivals—he, she, and I—will have extra homework
tonight.
The article you are reading mentions the winners, her and me.
Appositives
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Sometimes it’s switched!
The pronoun “we” or “us” is sometimes followed by a
noun appositive
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We Vikings are not bullies.
The teacher has rewarded us students with candy.
We teachers are nice like that.
PRACTICE: Review E pg 561-562
New Information
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Learning Target
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Students will recognize errors in pronoun usage.
Success Criteria
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I can recognize and correct problems with pronouns.
Clear Pronoun Reference
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A pronoun should have a clear antecedent
Ambiguous Reference: more than one word could be the
pronoun’s antecedent
Ex: I called Mrs. Anderson and Mrs. Krabill to go
shopping, but she couldn’t because she had a
basketball game.
Clear Pronoun Reference
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General Reference: the
pronoun refers to a general
idea instead of a specific
antecedent (it, this, that,
which, such)
Ex: Mr. Lackenbucher broke
his leg. That explains why he
isn’t moving.
Ex: Mrs. Compo is going to
dance in the lipsync again
this year, which should be
entertaining.
Clear Pronoun Reference
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Weak Reference: the
pronoun’s antecedent has
been suggested, but not
expressed.
Ex: My mom is an excellent
quilter, and she makes them
for children in neonatal units.
Ex: My sister runs
marathons and she hopes to
make it a permanent hobby.
Clear Pronoun Reference
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Indefinite Reference: the
pronoun does not refer to a
specific antecedent and is
not necessary to the
meaning of the sentence. (it,
they, you)
Ex: In the book, it says that
Lennie forgets things often.
Ex: During the Great
Depression, you were very
lucky if you had a job.
Clear Pronoun Reference
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PRACTICE!
Ex 12 pg 568
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TEST Review A, B, C pg 569
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DON’T GUESS! There are rules…follow them!
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