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Word classes N, V, A, P, etc. Phrase types NP, VP, AP, PP, etc. Phrase functions Grammatical roles: Semantic roles: Pragmatic roles: Subject, Object, Adjunct, etc. Agent, Instrument, Locative, etc. Topic, Comment, Focus Each class has semantic, morphological, and syntactic characteristics. e.g., Adjectives in English Semantics: Qualities (deep, tall, beautiful) Morphology: Comparative forms (deeper, taller) Syntax: Prenominal modifiers (deep ideas, tall tales), predicate adjectives (She is tall.) Semantics by itself is insufficient. assassination nonsense words: The slithy toves did gyre and gimble in the wabe. S VP PP NP N Jill NP V cut NP D N P D N N the cake with a steak knife. Jill cut the cake with a steak knife. Grammatical roles: Subject Verb Object Adjunct/Oblique Semantic roles: Agent Verb Patient Instrument Pragmatic roles: Topic C o m m e Focus n t Information flow: Old (shared) information → New information Topic Comment (1) Bill (2) In China, Focus: ate all the cookies. I always feel lost. Newest, most salient information (3) Bill ate all the cookies. (4) Bill ate all the cookies. (5) Bill ate all the cookies. (6) It was Bill who ate all the cookies. (7) What did Bill eat? [English default: Final focus] [Shift focus by intonation] [Cleft for focus] [WH as focus] 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Identify topic and comment in the following sentences: On Tuesday, Mike is planning to get a puppy. At CSUF, we have a great linguistics program. My neighbor Bob is a retired cop. The old chef accidentally peeled the potatoes with this cheese knife. The potatoes were accidentally peeled with this cheese knife. With this cheese knife, the old chef accidentally peeled the potatoes. Semantic Roles aka “Case Roles” (Fillmore 1968) aka “Thematic Roles” (Gruber 1965) aka θ-Roles (1) Jill A peeled the potatoes for her friend with scissors in the kitchen last night. V P BEN INST LOC Some common θ-Roles: Agent: - carries out the action. - subject of basic sentence. Patient: - most drastically affected by the action. - object of basic sentence. TEMP Instrument: Comitative: Locative: Temporal: Benefactive: Recipient: Source: - used by agent for carrying out the action. - with a knife - a participant who accompanies another. - Mary went to the store with Bill. - where the action takes place. - in Brea, on the roof, at the ballpark, under the sea, here - when the action takes place. - in two hours, on Friday, at 3 o’clock, this Monday, now - participant who benefits from the action. - for Steve - participant who receives s.th. - Indirect Object or to PP in basic sentence. - Bill gave Mary the book. - point of origin. - I got this book from Sue. Path: - a trajectory of movement. - They went via the new toll road. Directional: - a group of roles indicating direction of movement. - Maggie ran into / towards the building. Experiencer: - a participant who experiences (rather than actively performs) the action. - Subject in basic sentence. - Jones could feel the bugs crawling all over his skin. Cause: - a participant who causes the action. [Question: Is Agent a proper subset of Cause?] - Subject in basic / "causative" sentence. - The storm made the mud slide down the hill. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Identify the semantic role of each participant in the following sentences: On Tuesday, Mike is planning a party. At CSUF, we play outstanding baseball. My neighbor Bob saw the whole thing. The old chef accidentally peeled the potatoes with this cheese knife. The potatoes were accidentally peeled with this cheese knife. With this cheese knife, the old chef accidentally peeled the potatoes. Core roles with copular verbs : (1) My cousin is the best sumo wrestler. Subject Complement Non-core roles: Adjuncts (= Obliques) (2) My cousin is the best sumo wrestler in Honduras. (3) My cousin is the best sumo wrestler right now. (4) My cousin is working in Honduras right now. A1: LOC A2: TEMP (5) My cousin trains pet spiders in Honduras right now. Subject and object: (1) Stacy broke S V your Ming vase. O Types of objects: (2) Mike gave Miriam the book. Indirect Object Direct Object Case marking: (3) Jeongdal-i ai-eykey onohak-ul kaluchi-ess-ta. Jeongdal-NOM child-DAT linguistics-ACC teach-PAST-DECL ‘Jeongdal taught a child linguistics.’ Nominative case: Accusative case: Dative case: Genitive case: Oblique cases: Subject, Subject complement Direct object Indirect object Possessive Adjuncts Latin: (1) August-us indīgn-ōs senāt-ū mōvit. Augustus-NOM unworthies-ACC senate-ABL moved ‘Augustus removed the unworthy from the senate.’ In a nominative-accusative language, subject of an intransitive V & subject of a transitive V are marked the same, while the object is marked differently: (1) (2) (3) I bathed. I killed him. He killed me. English In an ergative language, subject of an intransitive V & object of a transitive V are marked the same, while the subject of a transitive V is marked differently: (4) (5) (6) Há: mí:pal sá:ka. I him killed ‘I killed him.’ Xá:sulà wí ko:khóya. rattlesnake me killed ‘A rattlesnake killed me.’ Wí xá:qákki. ‘I got sick.’ Eastern Pomo Nominative-accusative languages tend to have the familiar GRs subject, (direct) object, etc. whereas Ergative languages may have different GRs (absolutive vs. ergative) Other possibilities exist, including that a language may operate completely without distinct GRs. Topics as an additional grammatical role, either in addition to or instead of a subject. Topic may be marked by a case marker and/or by word order. Japanese Nihon wa Tokyo ga sumi-yoi. Japan TOP Tokyo NOM easy-to:live:in ‘As for Japan, Tokyo is easy to live in.’ No “switch-topic” force, unlike English as for… or speaking of… ⇒ Cannot be adequately glossed in English. Chinese Neì-chang huǒ xìngkui xīaofang-duì laí de kuài. that-CL fire fortunately fire-brigade come PCL quick ‘That fire, fortunately the fire brigade came quickly.’ American Sign Language (ASL) (1) Me graduate college. (2) (3) College Graduate college me graduate. me. 1. Structural Syntax: shows which words form a common meaning. Word order: Kim 1 drank 2 the 3 Phrase structure: Kim drank [the tea] 2. Functional Syntax tea 4 her 6 car. 7 [in her car]. shows what’s new & who is doing what to whom. Kim drank the tea Semantic roles: Agent Action Patient Pragmatic roles: Topic C o m m e Grammatical relations: Subject Verb Object 3. Structural Rearrangement Passive: in 5 in her car. n Locative t (includes Focus) Oblique expresses different sentence functions The tea was drunk by Kim Patient Action Agent Topic C o m m e Subject Verb Oblique in her car. n Locative t (includes Focus) Oblique