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 1 LATIN
HANDBOOK
and
GUIDE to LIFE
Catherine Connors
University of Washington
MMXIII
With occasional reference to Allen and Greenough, New Latin
Grammar https://archive.org/details/allengreenoughsn00alleiala
and the grammatical appendix to Pharr’s commentary on the Aeneid
https://www.bolchazy.com/Assets/Bolchazy/extras/vergilgrammaticalappendix.pdf
download a printable copy at:
https://catalyst.uw.edu/workspace/cconnors/29627/319562
2 CONTENTS
1. Great Expectations: Managing your experience of Latin Clauses p. 4
2. An either /or proposition: Coordinating Conjunctions and your Latin
superpowers
IN ANY CASE
1. What’s in a Name?
Nominative
p.
5
2. Feeling Possessive?
Genitive
p.
6
3. Who cares about cases?
Dative
p.
8
4. Guilty as charged
Accusative
p.
10
5. By all means
Ablative
p.
12
___________________________________________________________
6. A Formal Event:
Declension review
p.
13
7. It’s all in the details:
Adjective Review
p.
15
8. In the Mood:
review of verb tenses in indicative and subjunctive p.
20
9. The VOICE:
Active vs. Passive
p.
24
___________________________________________________________
10. Where am I?
Expressions of Time and Space
p.
25
11. Who’s on First?
Pronoun review
p.
26
12. How to Possess things
p.
28
13. The Theory and Practice of relativity:
Relative Clauses p.
30
14. It’s all in your head:
Indirect discourse
p.
31
15. It all depends : Indicative and Subjunctive in conditions p.
33
16. Verbal Nouns:
Infinitives and Gerunds p.
34
17. I am begging that you learn the Substantive Clauses
p.
35
18. How can you not know how to translate quin?
p.
36
19. A Man of Qualities: Approaches to Adjectival Modification p. 37
20.Let’s play ‘Ablative or Dative’!
p.
38
21. How to get what you want (in comedy)
p.
39
___________________________________________________________________
3 How to win friends and influence people:
Catullus 5, 8, 13, 22, 12, 46, 46, 49, 51, 53, 70, 72, 73, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 92,
96, 101, 109
A rough Guide to Gaul: Caesar, Gallic War 6.11, 13-28
Seize the Day: Horace Odes 1.11, 1.5, 1.9, 3.13, 1.37, 2.14
____________________________________________________________________
The Process of Translation
Latin students often feel a terrible urge to write out a complete translation of homework assignments. Your job is
to resist this -- after all you are building up to being such a strong reader of Latin that it would be far too
cumbersome to write out a full translation of each assignment! Still, I know you will want to do some writing as
part of preparing your assignments: notes on vocabulary are useful, of course, but sometimes they keep you
operating as a word-by-word reader, and this stunts your ability to analyze a whole unit of thought. Constructing
a grammatical outline of challenging sentences has proved an excellent tool to guide your progress as an
excellent reader of Latin. Developing an outline gives you a structure for analyzing the way each sentence is
constructed, for really looking at the sentence, and the poem or paragraph, as a whole unit, as you go along.
Few of us can look at a Latin sentence and instantly comprehend it. Making an outline clarifies what you do know
and sharply focuses your analysis of the words and constructions that are left. I will be expecting you to come to
class prepared to put an outline on the board (with a partner) and discuss a challenging sentence from the
assigned reading.
An effective outline will identify the main clause of each sentence, and label what constructions are
dependent upon it. Noun-adjective agreement should be shown throughout. Any words which are gapped
(omitted because they have already been stated) should be supplied in square brackets []. Use spacing on the
page to make clear the role of coordinating conjunctions (et, atque, aut...): they join two things that are the same
(two clauses, two main verbs etc.). This is what I mean …
Vivamus, mea Lesbia, atque amemus,
soles occidere et redire possunt;
rumoresque senum severiorum
nobis cum semel occidit brevis lux,
omnes unius aestimemus assis!
nox est perpetua una dormienda.
(directs your attention)
mea Lesbia (voc)
cum (temporal)
subject
[nos]
soles
brevis lux
nox perpetua
[tu]
deinde
[tu]
verb
vivamus
atque
amemus
que
aestimemus
complement (completes meaning of verb)
rumores + unius assis (gen. value)
omnes
senum severiorum (gen. poss)
occidere et redire possunt
occidit
semel (adv)
nobis (dat int)
est dormienda
da
basia mille
mihi (ind obj)
[da mihi]
[basia] centum
4 GREAT EXPECTATIONS:
MANAGING YOUR EXPERIENCE OF LATIN CLAUSES
In a Latin paragraph, as in any complex situation, you can achieve clarity by
being aware of what you know, recognizing what you don’t know and
investigating it further, and by thinking rigorously.
How not to think rigorously about a Latin paragraph:
Use the following perilously open-ended questions:
‘What does this say?’
‘Can I read Latin?’
‘Why don’t I remember this word?’
How to think rigorously about a Latin paragraph:
Use conjunctions, conjugated verbs, and commas to identify the boundaries of
clauses.
Within a clause, ask yourself the following questions:
Can I Identify the conjugated verb?
Can I identify its nominative subject?
Does this verb make me expect a direct object? If so, what is it?
Everything else is modification:
Adjectival modification gives you more information about nouns: adjectives,
relative clauses, etc.
Adverbial modification gives you more information about verbs, adjectives or
other adverbs: adverbs, prepositional phrases, ablative absolutes, and many
types of subordinate clauses.
An either /or proposition:
Coordinating Conjunctions and your Latin superpowers
Among your Latin superpowers is the recognition that coordinating conjunctions
join two things that are the same: two nouns, two adjectives, two adverbs, two
clauses. The coordinating conjunctions include:
et, atque, -que, aut, sed, and non solum … sed etiam
To translate a paragraph accurately you MUST identify the two ‘sames’.
PRO TIP: If you have to guess what one of the ‘sames’ means, guess that it
means the same as the other one! You’ll nearly always be right. But don’t tell
anyone you heard it from me.
5 What’s in a Name? Nominative Case (A&G 339)
Subject of a (transitive or intransitive) finite verb
Druides a bello abesse consuerunt.
Galli Mercurium colunt.
vita omnis in venationibus consistit.
In apposition with the subject of a finite verb.
Discipula Eryca epistulam misit.
consul Cicero orat in senatu.
Predicate nominative with a linking verb (sum, and the passive of verbs of naming,
choosing, believing, saying etc.)
esse
Catullus poeta doctus est. In Gallia factiones sunt.
haec poena apud eos est gravissima.
manere
Cicero amicus Romae manet.
videri
Lesbia morigera non videtur.
creari
Caesar consul creatus est.
dici
Druides magnum numerum versuum ediscere dicuntur.
deligi
Caesar consul diligitur.
fieri
Galli socii Romanorum fiunt.
haberi
Catullus poeta doctus habetur. hi numero impiorum ac sceleratorum
habentur
appellari
Octavianus Augustus appellatur.
nominari
Cicero amicus rei publicae nominatur.
existimari
disciplina in Britannia reperta atque inde in Galliam translata esse
existimatur
6 Feeling possessive? Genitive case (A&G §341-359)
I. In some uses, the genitive is used to express a relationship between two nouns. The
noun in the genitive case is providing adjectival information that modifies the noun on
which the genitive depends.
A genitive of possession: filius regis stultus est.
B. genitive of material: The material of which a thing is made may be put into the
genitive case.
habeo poculum auri. I have a cup (made) of gold. -> I have a
golden cup.
C. partitive genitive: Words denoting a part are followed by the genitive of the whole
to which the part belongs
pars agricolarum Martem colunt.
quis vestrum reginam malam superabit?
D. objective genitive: The objective genitive depends on a noun of verbal meaning
and is used as the object of the verbal idea contained in this noun.
habesne amorem gloriae?
E. genitive of description: The genitive may describe a noun by indicating its
character, quality or size. In this construction, the genitive itself will also be modified by
an adjective. sum magistra magnae sapientiae.
F. Genitive of price or value (though sometimes price or value can be expressed in
the ablative – see further Woodcock A New Latin Syntax section 86) non te facio flocci!
G. Genitive with causa
II. Other uses of the genitive express adverbial information in relation to verbs
and adjectives
H. genitive with verbs
–of remembering, forgetting and reminding: memini, obliviscor, (cf. mentionem facio)
-- of filling and emptying: compleo, impleo, abundo, egeo, indigeo
--impersonal verbs of emotion: pudet, piget, taedet, paenitet (+ acc person + gen
thing)
-- of accusing, convicting, condemning:
accuso, damno, condemno + acc person + genitive charge
I. genitive with adjectives
– of memory & forgetting: memor, immemor, oblitus
--of knowledge & lack of knowledge: conscius, prudens, peritus, imperitus
--of desire: avidus, cupidus, studiosus
-- of fullness & emptiness: plenus, refertus, inanis
--of power: potens
--of sharing & lacking: socius, particeps, inops, expers
Circle the genitive and explain what kind of genitive it is. 1. pars mei te amat, pars odit.
2. habeo multa pocula auri.
3. quis eorum tyrannum superabit?
4. consilium eius modi mihi placet.
5. amor Narcissi miseram puellam cepit.
6. carmina poetarum bona sunt.
7. quis nostrum reginam superabit?
8. pars eorum in urbe vivant.
9. cupiditas pecuniae regem stultum superabit.
10. Caesar est rei militaris peritus.
11. mare est plenissimum navium.
12. mores Gallorum Germanorumque differunt.
13. Haec eadem ratio est in summa totius Galliae.
14. qui disciplinam Druidum cognoscere volunt ad Britanniam causa discendi
proficiscuntur.
15. Druides multa de deorum immortalium vi ac potestate disputant.
16. Druides eiusdem generis habent instituta sacrificia.
17. Mercurius habetur inventor omnium artium.
18. Mercurius vim maximam ad quaestus pecuniae habet.
19. Galli harum rerum extructos tumulos habuerunt.
20. Galli studium belli gerendi agri cultura commutaverunt.
21. cupiditas pecuniae non oritur apud Gallos.
22. repentinae incursionis timor magnus erat apud Germanos.
23. magistratus vitae necisque potestatem habent.
7 8 Who cares about cases?: Dative Case (A&G §360-384)
The Dative Case expresses the person or thing indirectly affected by the action of the
sentence.
1. Sometimes the sentence gives you a reason to expect a word in the dative case,
A. either because its verb can take the dative
*-indirect object with transitive verbs of giving, showing, telling (often person)
librum tibi do.
*-with verbs (of feeling) that take the dative: studere, credere,persuadeo, pareo,
ignosco, placeo, irascor, fido, parco, servio
*-with compound verbs
*-with esse, dative (of a person) expresses possession
equus puero est.
B. *or because an adjective (of nearness, likeness, friendliness, fitness) is liable to
take the dative
similis, dissimilis, par, aequus, iniquus
carus, gratus, adversus, infestus
aptus, utilis
C. -dative of agent with the passive periphrastic
hoc tibi agendum est
2. At other times the dative seems to us more loosely connected to the action of the
sentence.
*--dative of advantage and disadvantage (person)
--ethic dative (of a person)
--dative of the person judging
--dative of purpose or result (thing, often containing a verbal idea)
locum deligo castris. carmina dono do.
*-- predicative dative
[nominative + est (or similar) + dative of thing + dative of person]
haec puella curae est mihi.
ursus agricolis periculo est.
cui id est bono?
9 Circle the dative words and explain the construction of each one.
1. plerique Galli sese in servitutem dicant nobilibus, quibus in hos eadem omnia sunt
iura quae dominis in servos.
2. Druides rebus divinis intersunt.
3. quibus ita est interdictum, hi numero impiorum ac sceleratorum habentur.
4. neque his petentibus ius redditur.
5. his autem omnibus Druidibus praeest unus.
6. omnes decretis iudiciisque parent.
7. id mihi duabus de causis instituisse videntur.
8. multa de sideribus disputant et iuventuti tradunt.
9. natio est omnium Gallorum admodum dedita religionibus.
10. Galli supplicia eorum qui in furto sint comprehensi gratiora dis immortalibus esse
arbitrantur.
11. Galli Mercurio ea devovent.
12. gravissimum ei rei supplicium cum cruciatu constitutum est.
13. Magistratus quae visa sunt occultant, quaeque esse ex usu iudicaverunt multitudini
produnt.
14. nam neque Germani habent qui rebus divinis praesint neque sacrificiis student.
15. Germania ab parvulis labori ac duritiae student.
16. Germani agri culturae non student.
17. sed magistratus ac principes in annos singulos gentibus cognationibusque
hominum, qui una coierunt, quantum et quo loco visum est agri attribuunt.
18. magistratus qui ei bello praesint deliguntur.
19. qui quaque de causa ad eos venerunt ab iniuria Germani prohibent, sanctos
habent, hisque omnium domus patent victusque communicatur.
20. Hercynia silva Eratostheni et quibusdam Graecis fama nota est.
21. Hercyniae silvae latitudo novem dierum iter expedito patet.
10 Guilty as charged: Accusative case (A&G §386-397)
Direct object of a transitive verb
Brutus Caesarem interfecit.
Cognate (or internal) accusative (cf. A&G 390): the object is inherently connected to
the meaning of the verb (sometimes in English these verbs are intransitive, but in
Latin they take an accusative object; the construction can be put into the passive
with what had been the cognate accusative going into the nominative)
Tullia vitam tristem vivebat. (in the passive: vita vivebatur)
Tullia ludum ludit. (in the passive: ludus luditur a Tullia)
istam pugnam pugnabo (in the passive: pugna pugnabitur a me)
ancilla servitutem servit.
Marcus domum aedificat
id laetor.
quid moror?
Double accusative constructions
naming etc. (‘factitive’) Populi Romani Caesarem consulem creant (facere, creare,
appellare etc.)
asking or teaching: Flaccus me sententiam petivit.
Other uses of the accusative
adverbial: Germani multum ab hac consuetudine differunt.
Specification (Greek accusative) : puella est flava comas
extent of space: latitudo Hercyniae silvae novem dierum iter expedito patet.
duration of time: itaque Druides annos non nulli xx in disciplina permanent.
accusative of place to which (no preposition for names of cities, towns small islands and
domus (to home), rus (to the country), foras (to outside).
exclamation: o fortunatam rem publicam! o me infelicem!
subject of infinitive: intellego te sapere.
Prepositions that take the accusative
Caesar in Galliam venit.
11 Circle the accusative word and identify the use of the accusative case in the following
sentences.
1. uxor, i foras!
2. quisque domum suam revertit.
3. Caesar fecit iter novem dierum.
4. ad hunc locum perventum est.
5. Brutus Caesarem interfecit.
6. ego rus ibo.
7. Galli pro victimis homines immolant.
8. Caesar legiones in Galliam praemittit.
9. pueri ludum ludunt.
10. senex vitam longam vixit.
11. haec flagitia!
12. Galli multas pugnas pugnabant.
13. adulescens cursum currit.
14. adulescens milia passuum tria cucurrit.
15. Sapiens otium divos rogat.
16. feminae sunt nudae bracchia et lacertos.
17. viri bracchia et lacertos feminarum vident.
18. Galli impiorum ac sceleratorum aditum sermonemque defugiunt.
19. Druides credunt non interire animas sed ab aliis post mortem transire ad alios.
20. Magister, doce me scribere!
21. pater docet pueros elementa.
22. Ciceronem consulem creaverunt.
23. tyrannus viginti annos vixit.
24. omnes civitates in partes divisae sunt duas.
25. me miserum! 12 By all means: The ablative case (A&G §398-431)
The ablative case is used to express three types of relationships
1. Separation (‘from’)
-ablative of place from which ab /ex /de/ + (no preposition for cities, towns small
islands, rure, humo
-ablative of personal agent ab + (i.e. the agent is the source of the action)
-ablative of material ex + (i.e. the material is the source of the item)
2. Togetherness (‘with’ ‘by what means’)
-ablative of accompaniment cum + person
- ablative of manner cum + quality
-no preposition
ablative of means or instrument
ablative of price
ablative of degree of difference
ablative of route (via, recta via, recta)
ablative of description
ablative of cause
ablative with potior, utor, fruor, fungor, vescor
ablative with adjectives (dignus)
ablative absolute
3. Location (‘in’ ‘at what point’ ‘where’ ‘when’)
ablative of time when (a time word!)
ablative of place where (in + )
[but names of cities, towns small islands use locative with no preposition])
[ablative without a preposition is used for a few common words: loco, locis, regione,
regionibus, parte, litore, terra marique]
4. PUFFY verbs take the ablative: potior, utor, fruor, fungor, vescor
Circle the words in the ablative and identify the syntax.
1. plebes paene servorum habetur loco.
2. hoc mortuo illi aut suffragio Druidum, nonnumquam etiam armis de principatu
contendunt.
3. Druides a bello abesse consuerunt, neque tributa una cum reliquis pendunt.
4. tanti excitati praemiis multi in disciplinam convenient et a parentibus propinquisque
mittuntur.
5. Druides Graecis litteris utuntur.
6. ut quisque est genere copiisque amplissimus, ita plurimos circum se ambactos
clientesque habet.
7. filium puerili aetate in publico in conspectu patris adsistere Galli turpe ducunt.
13 A Formal event: Declension review A&G §36-108
Choose your favorite noun from each category and write out its declension.
1st decl
nominative
vocative
genitive
dative
accusative
ablative
singular
plural
2nd decl masc
nominative
vocative
genitive
dative
accusative
ablative
singular
plural
2nd decl neut
nominative
vocative
genitive
dative
accusative
ablative
singular
plural
3rd decl masc
nominative
vocative
genitive
dative
accusative
ablative
singular
plural
14 3rd fem
nominative
vocative
genitive
dative
accusative
ablative
singular
plural
3rd neuter
nominative
vocative
genitive
dative
accusative
ablative
singular
plural
4th decl
nominative
vocative
genitive
dative
accusative
ablative
singular
plural
5th decl
nominative
vocative
genitive
dative
accusative
ablative
singular
plural
15 It’s all in the details: Adjective review (A&G 109-131)
Decline the following noun adjective pairs that describe people and things you are likely to
encounter in Catullus’ world:
1st f.
singular
plural
nominative
puella docta
vocative
genitive
dative
accusative
ablative
1st m
nominative
vocative
genitive
dative
accusative
ablative
singular
poeta malus
plural
2nd m.
nominative
vocative
genitive
dative
accusative
ablative
singular
vir urbanus
plural
2nd n.
nominative
vocative
genitive
dative
accusative
ablative
singular
donum bonum
plural
16 3st m.
nominative
vocative
genitive
dative
accusative
ablative
singular
fossor rusticus
plural
3rd f.
nominative
vocative
genitive
dative
accusative
ablative
singular
venustas bella
plural
3rd n.
nominative
vocative
genitive
dative
accusative
ablative
singular
vir urbanus
plural
4th
nominative
vocative
genitive
dative
accusative
ablative
singular
fructus bonus
plural
5th
nominative
vocative
genitive
dative
accusative
ablative
singular
res sordida
plural
17 1st f.
nominative
vocative
genitive
dative
accusative
ablative
singular
puella dicax
plural
1st m
nominative
vocative
genitive
dative
accusative
ablative
singular
poeta atrox
plural
2nd m.
nominative
vocative
genitive
dative
accusative
ablative
singular
vir fugiens
plural
2nd n.
nominative
vocative
genitive
dative
accusative
ablative
singular
donum elegans
plural
18 3st m.
nominative
vocative
genitive
dative
accusative
ablative
singular
fossor rudis
plural
3rd f.
nominative
vocative
genitive
dative
accusative
ablative
singular
venustas suavis
plural
3rd n.
nominative
vocative
genitive
dative
accusative
ablative
singular
tempus fugiens
plural
4th
nominative
vocative
genitive
dative
accusative
ablative
singular
versus dulcis
plural
5th
nominative
vocative
genitive
dative
accusative
ablative
singular
res salax
plural
19 What form of elegans, elegantis would you need to modify each of
the underlined words (cf. A&G §118)?
Suffenus iste, Vare, quem probe nosti,
homo est venustus et dicax et urbanus,
idemque longe plurimos facit versus.
Puto esse ego illi milia aut decem aut plura
perscripta, nec sic ut fit in palimpsesto
relata: cartae regiae, novi libri,
novi umbilici, lora rubra, membranae,
derecta plumbo et pumice omnia aequata.
Haec cum legas tu, bellus ille et urbanus
Suffenus unus caprimulgus aut fossor
rursus videtur: tantum abhorret ac mutat.
Hoc quid putemus esse? Qui modo scurra
aut si quid hac re scitius videbatur,
idem infaceto est infacetior rure,
simul poemata attigit, neque idem umquam
aeque est beatus ac poema cum scribit:
tam gaudet in se tamque se ipse miratur.
Nimirum idem omnes fallimur, neque est quisquam
quem non in aliqua re videre Suffenum
possis. suus cuique attributus est error; sed non
videmus manticae quod in tergo est.
homo_________________
versus_________________
illi____________________
palimpsesto___________
cartae________________
libri__________________
lora__________________
scurra________________
poemata_____________
poema_______________
omnes_______________
manticae_____________
20 In the mood: review of verb tenses in the indicative and subjunctive
(A&G §184-190)
amare
Present Indicative
active
sing
pl
passive
sing
pl
Present Indicative
active
sing
pl
passive
sing
pl
Present Indicative
active
sing
pl
passive
sing
pl
Present Indicative
active
sing
pl
passive
sing
pl
Present Indicative
active
sing
pl
passive
sing
pl
1
2nd
3rd
st
doceo
1
2nd
3rd
st
dico
1
2nd
3rd
st
capio
1st
2nd
3rd
audire
1
2nd
3rd
st
amare
21 Present subjunctive
active
sing
pl
passive
sing
pl
Present subjunctive
active
sing
pl
passive
sing
pl
Present subjunctive
active
sing
pl
passive
sing
pl
Present subjunctive
active
sing
pl
passive
sing
pl
Present subjunctive
active
sing
pl
passive
sing
pl
1
2nd
3rd
st
doceo
1
2nd
3rd
st
dico
1st
2nd
3rd
capio
1
2nd
3rd
st
audire
1
2nd
3rd
st
ducere
Indicative
active
sing
22 passive
sing
pl
Imperfect Indicative
active
sing
pl
passive
sing
pl
Future Indicative
active
sing
pl
passive
sing
pl
pl
1
2nd
3rd
st
ducere
1st
2nd
3rd
ducere
1
2nd
3rd
st
*How would the future indicative of amare or habere differ from that of ducere?
ducere
present subjunctive
active
sing
pl
passive
sing
pl
Imperfect subjunctive
active
sing
pl
passive
sing
pl
1
2nd
3rd
st
ducere
1
2nd
3rd
st
amare
23 Perfect Indicative
active
sing
pl
passive
sing
pl
Pluperfect Indicative
active
sing
pl
passive
sing
pl
Future Perfect Indicative
active
sing
pl
passive
sing
pl
Perfect subjunctive
active
sing
pl
passive
sing
pl
Pluperfect subjunctive
active
sing
pl
passive
sing
pl
1
2nd
3rd
st
amare
1
2nd
3rd
st
amare
1st
2nd
3rd
amare
1
2nd
3rd
st
amare
1
2nd
3rd
st
24 THE VOICE
Conjugate in the active and passive present indicative: habere
ACTIVE
PASSIVE
You transform each sentence from the active voice into the passive voice.
That is more or less equivalent to saying that each sentence is transformed by you
from the active voice into the passive voice.
In the passive voice Latin uses the ablative of personal agent (ab + abl.) to express
by whom an action is performed.1 The ablative of means (no preposition) is used to
express by what means/by what thing an action is performed.
1. multitudo principem laudant.
2. civitas bellum infert.
3. dux habet potestatem vitae necisque.
4. Germani victus communicant.
5. Graeci quidam hanc silvam appellant Orcyniam.
6. Dux Germanus agrum magnum habet.
7. rex putat illum druidem esse sapientem.
8. viri in uxores habent potestatem vitae necisque.
9. Druides homines vivos immolant.
10. Flammae magnae simulacra viminibus contexta circumveniunt.
11. flumen circumvenit insulam.
Bonus round: necesse est nos agere haec.
Extra bonus round: necesse est vos lavare pocula.
1
The passive periphrastic construction uses the dative of agent without a preposition.
Where am I? Time and Space in ancient Rome
A. Expressions of time
25 Romans express units of time by using either the accusative or the ablative without a preposition
how long something takes=
when something happens=
the accusative of extent of time
the ablative of time at or within which
Vergilius Horatium paucas horas expectabat.
Vergilius paucis horis Horatium videbit.
(Vergil was waiting for Horace for a few hours.)
(Vergil will see Horace within a few hours)
Vergilius Horatiusque paucas horas ambulabant.
Vergilius Horatium aestate visitabat.
(Vergil and Horace were walking for a few hours.) (Vergil used to visit Horace in the summer)
B. Expressions of place
Expressions of place can be classified in three categories: place to which, place from which,
and place in which. Usually a preposition is used in expressions of place, with the delightful
exception that no preposition is used with the proper names of cities, towns and small islands.
Place to which: ad or in + accusative (with verbs of motion towards)
With preposition: ad urbem celeriter venimus. ad Germaniam celeriter venimus. ad oppidum
venimus. ad insulam parvam navigamus. In Graecam navigamus. In Siciliam navigamus.
Theseus ad Cretam navigavit.
Without preposition for proper names of cities, towns and small islands: Athenas navigamus.
Rhodum navigamus (Rhodus = the island of Rhodes). Romam venimus. delphinus
puerum Puteolos vehebat (Puteoli is a town on the bay of Naples).
Place from which: ab or ex or de + ablative (with verbs of motion from)
With preposition: rex bonus malos ex urbe expulit. Augustus Nasonem ex urbe expulit.
Theseus ex Creta navigavit.
Without preposition with proper names of cities, towns and small islands: Caesar Roma abest
(absum = be absent from). Theseus Athenis abest. Augustus Nasonem Roma expulit.
Place in which: in + the ablative (with verbs of being at rest in)
With preposition: in urbe habitamus. in oppido habitamus. in insula parva habitamus. in
Germania habitamus. in Sicilia habitamus.
talk DIRTy when you discuss place words that don’t need a preposition: domus, islands,
rus, towns
Since it would be confusing to use either the accusative case without a preposition (because
that already means place to which) or the ablative without a preposition (because that would
mean place from which), the Romans use a different form which only exists for place words, the
locative case, without a preposition (e.g. domi, Cretae, ruri, Romae)
26 Who’s on First? Pronoun review
Demonstratives
Any demonstrative can be used with a verb of any person, and demonstratives have
no direct connection or agreement in themselves with the person of a verb.
Nevertheless, demonstratives function to mark out whether something is close to the
consciousness of the speaker, close to his audience's consciousness, or not close to
either, as follows.
hic, haec, hoc:
this, these (closer to the consciousness of the speaker, though not
used exclusively with first person)
iste, ista, istud:
that (of yours) (sarcastic) (distant from consciousness of speaker,
often, though not always, close to person speaker is addressing)
ille, illa, illud:
that, those (distant from the consciousness of the speaker and from
consciousness of anyone speaker is addressing)
Other demonstratives
is, ea, id:
‘the’ a weaker demonstrative, kind of in between the extremes of hic and ille
idem, eadem, idem: 'the same'
Demonstrative words can be used in two ways
1. as demonstrative adjectives, modifying any noun in the regular way.
hic labor me vocat.
iste labor te vocat.
ille labor regem vocat
idem labor me teque vocat.
hi labores me vocant.
isti labores vani te vocant.
illi labores regem vocant.
idem labores me teque vocant.
hanc virtutem habeo.
ista stultitia magna est.
illa regina bona est.
has virtutes habeo.
istae sententiae stultae sunt.
illae curae stultae sunt.
hoc officium magnum est.
istud vitium malum est.
orator consilium bonum nobis dat.
haec officia magna sunt.
ista vitia mala sunt.
illa pericula magna sunt.
27 2. as demonstrative pronouns, standing in place of a noun that has already been mentioned
in the context.
hic
this man
haec this woman
hoc this thing
hi
these men
hae these women
haec these things
iste
isti
that awful man
those awful men
ista that awful woman istud that awful thing
istae those awful women ista those awful things
ille
illi
that man
those men
illa
illae
that woman
those women
illud
illa
that thing
those things
Personal pronouns
ego:
I
tu:
you (s)
is, ea, id:
he, she, it
nos:
vos:
ei, eae, ea:
we
you (p)
they (m/f/n)
other pronouns:
nemo:
quisque
quisquam (non)
no one
each one
(not) anyone
relative pronoun: qui, quae, quod
interrogative pronoun: quis, quid
interrogative adjective: qui, quae, quod
indefinite: aliquis, aliquid (but after si, nisi, num and ne, ali takes a holiday)
intensive:
ipse, ipsa, ipsum:
_____self
Reflexive pronoun (3rd person, singular and plural)
nom: ___
gen: sui
dat: sibi
acc: se
abl: se
28 How to possess things.
1) To express that one noun is in the possession of another noun, Latin uses the
genitive case.
2) Latin uses a possessive adjective to express possession for first and second person,
and the third person when that third person is the subject of the sentence
meus, mea, meum:
tuus, tua, tuum:
suus, sua, suum:
noster, nostra, nostrum:
vester, vestra, vestrum:
suus, sua, suum:
my
your (s)
his/her/its own
(belonging to the subject of the sentence)
our
your (p)
their own (m/f/n)
(belonging to the subject of the sentence)
3) To say a third person or entity possesses something when that person is not the
subject of the sentence, Latin uses the genitive of the pronoun is, ea, id:
Singular: eius
plural: eorum/earum/eorum
29 For each sentence, parse the underlined word, explain its syntax, and write out a
translation of the whole sentence.
Parse: identify the form of the word, including what type of adjective, pronoun or
demonstrative it is. Syntax: identify the case and give the reason why that case is
being used.
1. Earum factionum principes sunt Druides.
2. quisque suos opprimi non patitur.
3. quis contra potentiores auxili eget?
4. hic stultus nullam auctoritatem apud suos habet.
5. quo hae nationes inter sese differunt?
6. in omni Gallia eorum hominum qui aliquo sunt numero atque honore
genera sunt duo.
7. quo consilio plebes adhibetur?
8. plebes, quae nihil audet per se, nullo adhibetur consilio.
9. Druides sacrificia procurant. Illi rebus divinis intersunt.
10. si quod admissum est facinus, Druides idem decernunt.
11. his autem omnibus Druidibus praeest unus, qui summam inter eos
auctoritatem.
12. qui volunt rem cognoscere in Britanniam proficiscuntur.
13. Druides multa de sideribus atque eorum motu iuventuti tradunt.
14. Druides in primis hoc volunt persuadere, non interire animas.
15. eorum ut quisque genere amplissimus, ita plurimos clientes circum se
habet.
16. Galli suos liberos ad se adire non patiuntur nisi cum adoleverunt.
17. si quis quid de re publica a finitimis rumore acceperit, cum aliquo alio
non communicabit.
18. Germani in Germania habitant. Neque quisquam agri modum certum
habet.
19. eius rei multas adferunt causas: ne qua oriatur pecuniae cupiditas, ne
latos fines parare studeant.
20. hoc proprium virtutis existimant, expulsos agris finitimos cedere neque
quemquam prope audere consistere.
30 The Theory and Practice of Relativity: Relative Clauses
Relative clauses (A&G §303-308)
Write out all the forms of the relative pronoun qui, quae, quod. (If you must, consult
A&G 147)
Is a relative clause like a big noun, a big adjective, or a big adverb?
Where does a relative pronoun get its gender and number?
Where does a relative pronoun get its case?
Does anything in the main clause make you expect a relative clause?
How does a relative clause differ from an indirect question?
Under what circumstances might a speaker of Latin choose to use the subjunctive in a
relative clause?
1. 6.22 The Germans, whose food consists of milk, cheese and meat, do not have their
own fields.
2. 6.21 The Germans whom Caesar saw did not believe in the Roman gods.
3. 6.20 The foolish Gaul who spoke about the republic with his friends was prohibited
from the sacrifices.
4. 6.20 Many inexperienced men were frightened by rumors which were false.
5. 6.19 The relatives of the man who had died killed the wife who had poisoned him.
6. 6.19 The animals of the man who had died were burned with his body.
7. 6.18 Boys who are not grown up are not allowed to be with their fathers in public.
8. 6.17 The gods whom the Gauls worship are Mercury, Apollo and Mars. 31 It’s all in your head: Indirect Discourse
Indirect discourse is generally introduced by a verb that you do in your head: thinking,
saying, asking, commanding. There are three types of indirect discourse:
indirect statement (A&G # 577-584): what makes you expect an indirect statement?
what does an indirect statement consist of?
what information is communicated in the tense of the infinitive in indirect statement?
present
perfect
future
indirect question (A&G # 573-576): what makes you expect an indirect question?
what does an indirect question consist of?
summarize the sequence of tenses which governs the use of the subjunctive in all
subordinate clauses, including indirect questions
main verb
subordinate clause
primary
not before main verb
before main verb
secondary
not before main verb
before main verb
indirect command (A&G #563 calls these 'substantive clauses of purpose') : what
makes you expect an indirect command?
what does an indirect command consist of?
32 Caesar, de bello Gallico 6.11, 13-19. Begin by identifying the type of indirect discourse
needed to translate each sentence.
1. 6. 18 The Gauls proclaim that their young men endure the duty of war with the
greatest strength.
2. 6.17 The Romans did not know what gods the Gauls worshipped. The Gauls did not
know what the gods would do. The Druids knew but were unwilling to say what the
gods would do to Caesar.
3. 6.16 Yesterday (heri) the Druids commanded (use iubeo and see A&G 563a) that the
Gauls weave images from twigs. Tomorrow (cras) the Gauls will fill the images with live
people and will urge that the images be set on fire.
4. 6.15 Caesar said that the knights of Gaul were almost always involved in war.
5. 6.14 No one knew how many verses the young men learned among the Druids.
6. 6.13 Caesar said that among the Gauls all disputes (use a form of controversia)
about inheritance or boundaries are decided by the Druids
7. 6.13 When the foolish (stultus) Gaul did not obey the decree of the Druids, they
commanded that he be prohibited from public sacrifices.
8. 6.11 Caesar asks who has the highest authority among the Gauls.
33 It all depends: Indicative and subjunctive in conditional sentences
For my next trick, I will reduce the splendid detail of A&G § 511-525 to the twenty or
so bold faced words below.
Conditional sentences combine an ‘if ….’ subordinate clause with a ‘then…’ main
clause. The mood of the verb depends on how factual the speaker feels.
Type of condition
mood of the verbs
factual /logical
indicative mood
If it rains the ground becomes wet.
If I saw you I said hello.
If the sun will shine tomorrow we will go to the beach.
potential/ideal (should/would) present subjunctive
If you should send Catullus a bad poem, he would mock you.
counter-factual/unreal
(of present time) imperfect subjunctive
If Lesbia were (now) faithful to her husband,
she would not (now) give kisses to Catullus
(of past time)
pluperfect subjuntive
If Catullus had not written his poems,
Lesbia's husband would not have known about her
infidelity.
1. poem 96 If you had not rejoiced in love of your wife, Calvus, you would not now
weep.
2. poem 92 If Lesbia should speak badly of Catullus, he would know that she loves him.
3. poem 87 If Lesbia loved me, I would rejoice (use a form of gaudeo).
If Lesbia had loved me I would have rejoiced.
34 VERBAL NOUNS: Infinitives and Gerunds
Infinitives function as nouns. They can be the subject or predicate of a sentence.
civitatibus maxima laus est quam latissime circum se vastatis finibus soitudines habere.
An infinitive in an indirect statement has its subject expressed in the accusative case: multaque
in ea silva genera ferarum nasci constat.
Gerunds (verbal nouns in active voice ) and gerundives (verbal adjectives in passive voice) See:
Allen & Greenough # 501-507
Observation #1. When a verbal noun is the subject or object of a sentence, it is expressed in
the infinitive in Latin.
verbal noun as subject: errare est humanum.
To err is human.
verbal noun as object:. Sapiens laborare vult.
A wise man wishes to work ("to work' is the verbal noun which is the object of 'wishes')
Observation #2. When a verbal noun is not the subject or object of a sentence, then it is
expressed as a gerund. (Why? you might ask. The reason is that you can't decline an infinitive
to show what case it is, so you need to use some form that can be declined if you want to
express the verbal idea in an oblique case)
gen.
sapiens est cupidus discendi. (cupidus takes gen.)
The wise man is desirous of learning.
dative
sapiens studet discendo. (studeo takes the dative)
The wise man is eager for learning
acc. with a preposition
(if the verbal noun is not the object of a preposition, use the infinitive)
Romulus natus est ad regendum.
Romulus was born to rule.
abl.
loquendo Cicero Catilinam ex urbe expulit. (ablative of means)
Cicero drove Catiline out of the city by speaking.
Observation # 3. The tricky thing is that when the verbal noun in an oblique case (i.e. not the
subject or object of the sentence) and itself takes an object, something often happens which is
called 'Gerundive attraction'
That is to say, to express the idea 'They came to seek peace' a Roman could say
venerunt ad petendum pacem.
But (as if it sounded funny to have a neuter singular petendum right next to a feminine singular
pacem), often they switch to a gerundive construction, so the verbal idea is expressed as an
adjective which then agrees with the noun thus.
venerunt ad pacem petendam.
Likewise, to express the idea 'Ovid rejoices in writing stories' a Roman could say
Ovidius gaudet in scribendo fabulas
but is more likely to say
Ovidius gaudet in scribendis fabulis.
35 I am begging that you learn the form of Substantive Clauses: A substantive clause is a
clause that functions as a noun in a sentence. That is, it can be the subject or object of a verb.
In this it differs from a purpose clause and from a result clause, which each function adverbially,
providing information about how the action of the main verb took place.
1. I advise you to note these verbs that can take a substantive clause. These verbs need a direct
object and the substantive clause functions as that direct object.
rogo
impero
curo
peto
mando
video
postulo
praecipio
provideo
posco
censeo de
negotium do
oro
cerno
permitto
opto
persuadeo
moneo
concedo
hortor
admoneo
discipuli, rogo ut commentarios Caesaris legatis.
amice, hortor ut litteris studeas.
poeta petivit ut amica sibi basia daret. (for sibi see A&G 300.2)
Flaccus rogavit ut puer Graecus vinum depromeret.
2. I order you to note, by contrast, that the following verbs take an accusative +
infinitive: iubeo, veto, sino, cupio, patior
Druides iubent magna sacrificia parari.
3. See to it that you learn that these verbs also take a substantive clause (sometimes but
not always introduced by ut):
facio
fit
consequitur
efficio
accidit
restat
perficio
contingit
reliquum est
evenit
mos est
additur
ius est
accedit
sequitur
nihil novi est cum accidit ut canis hominem mordeat. Cum homo canem mordeat, multum novi!
4. Also, don’t be afraid to recognize that verbs of fearing can take a substantive clause
Galli verentur ne ad eos exercitus noster adduceretur (cf. BG 2.1)
5. We pay careful attention to substantive clauses so that we can distinguish them from
purpose clauses.
6. We understand the substantive clause so clearly that we never mistake a result clause
for a substantive clause.
36 How can you not know how to translate quin?
You will observe three uses of the Latin word quin. Two are in independent clauses.
(indignant) question:
How do you not already know this quin?
Quin scias hoc verbum?
(You will recognize it by the question mark)
exclamation:
Indeed, this quin is usually first in its sentence!
Quin hoc verbum est primum in sua sententia!
(The sentence is an exclamation, usually pretty short!)
The third is in a dependent clause. Here it works best to translate quin as equivalent to
‘ut non’ ;
There is no reason that you not know this word.
Nulla causa est quin tu scias hoc verbum.
37 A Man of Qualities,
or some ways of describing people and things and Latin
1. Adjective (agree in gender, number case with what they modify)
at regina gravi iamdudum saucia cura … adloquitur unanimam sororem.
2. predicate noun or adjective with est or another intransitive verb.
Fama sedet custos. Fama sits as guardian.
3. Relative clause: relative pronoun gets case from its function within the relative clause and its
gender and number from its antecedent (the noun that it is giving adjectival information about)
4. Accusative of respect
nuda genu
bare at the knee
os umerosque deo similis
like a god in his face and shoulders
In a related but distinct development note ‘In poetry the passive is often used in a reflexive or
middle sense. When thus used the verb may take an accusative as a direct object’ (Pharr p.
300, # 309, citing the examples below). Note they mainly deal with clothing and bodies.
ferrum cingitur
he girds himself with the steel [i.e. weapon]
insternor umeros
I spread over my shoulders
Dido sinus collecta…
Dido having gathered her robes
feminae tunsae pectora … women having beaten their breasts
Aeneas, subnexus mentem crinemque madentem mitra
5. ablative of quality (Pharr # 330) Also called the ablative of characteristic or description.
Tends to describe essential qualities of a person.
statura fuit humili
he was [characterized by] low stature
6. ablative of material – describes the material from which a thing has been made, usually
with ex (Pharr # 324). Used with words for raw materials.
domus facta ex saxa
a house made of stone
clipeus aere
a shield of bronze
pharetra ex auro
a quiver of gold
7. genitive of quality (Pharr # 285) tends to describe essential qualities
homo maximi corporis
a man of gigantic size
may be used as a predicate: genus est divorum: his race is of the gods.
8. genitive of material: flumina lactis a river of milk; poculum auri a cup (made of) gold
9. dative of purpose: ursus fuit periculo agricolis. The bear was a danger to the farmers.
Achates fuit auxilio Aeneae. Achates was a help to Aeneas.
10. Expressions of comparison: the adjective similis + dative or genitive
similes: ut, velut + indicative
qualis (can decline, depending on its syntax within the simile) + indicative
Qualis Apollo deserit Lyciam, haud illo segnior ibat Aeneas.
Dido vagatur qualis coniecta cerva sagitta … peragrat silvas saltusque Dictaeos.
magis + ablative: O sorori, magis dilecta luce
magis quam as coordinating conjunction:
quot plumae sunt Famae tot oculi, tot linguae sunt, totidem ora sonant, tot aures Fama
subrigit.
38 It’s time to play … ablative or dative (in Aeneid 1)!?!
… with your host, Publius Virgilius Maro! and his sidekick Clyde Pharr …
In general, when you read Latin you will always be able to tell whether a word is
in the ablative case or the dative case.
The ablative is used with a preposition to express place in which, place from which,
accompaniment, manner, and so forth. Obviously, when the preposition is present you
will know you are dealing with the ablative, since the dative case is not used with
prepositions in Latin.
I. In general, the ablative is used without a preposition to express cause, means,
time, or attendant circumstances (ablative absolute is an example of this usage);
some verbs expressing separation, need, want etc. also take an ablative without a
preposition.
1.4 vi superum (abl of cause or means)
1.21 belloque superbum (abl of respect)
1.31 Juno arcebat Troas longe Latio (abl of separation)
1.35 laeti … spumas salis aere ruebant (abl of means)
1.40 Pallas … classem potuit summergere ponto (abl of means)
1.43 evertit aequora ventis (abl of means)
1.45 illum … turbine corripuit (abl of means)
II. Latin uses the ablative to express place from which without a preposition for
cities, towns and small islands. Virgil enjoys this so much that sometimes he leaves out
prepositions expressing ‘place where’ in situations where other authors would use the
preposition.
In many of these instances, the governing verb is a compound verb that regularly takes
the dative. This gives rise to situations in which our commentators will describe as
‘dative with special verb or abl.’ Here are some examples where Pharr thinks Virgil
has left out a preposition that you would regularly expect to see.
1.3 ille et [in] terris iactatus et [in] alto
1.5 [in] bello passus
1.26 necdum causae irarum exciderant [ex] animo (abl of separation App. 340)
1.26 iudicium Paridis manet repostum [in] alta mente
1.29 iactatos [in] aequore toto
1.38 me … nec posse [ab] Italia Teucrorum avertere regem
1.40 Pallas … classem potuit summergere ponto
1.44 illum expirantem transfixo [ex] pectore flammas
1.45 illum … scopuloque infixit acuto (dative with compound or abl of place where)
1.50 talia flammato secum dea [in] corde volutans
cf. dative with compound verb: 1.49 quisquam … supplex aris imponet honorem
HOW TO GET WHAT YOU WANT (IN COMEDY)
39 A. In the imperative mood
1. Use the present imperative:
nunc accipite argumentum atque animum advortite (5);
concede huc (158); me aspice (145); olfacta igitur hinc (169); mane (177)
dic; perge; i; ite; sternite lectos, incendite odores (354)
In the passive or deponent forms this looks a little surprising, but don’t be alarmed: odorare
(166); sequere
Please add ‘amabo’ to make the command more polite: desiste ludos amabo (405).
If you are eager to add ‘sodes’ (=si audes), that also has a ‘politeness’ effect.
2. If anyone wishes for an archaic sound reminding the audience of legal formulas, let him use
the third person future imperative:
si quis quid vostrum Epidamnum curari sibi
velit, audacter imperato et dicito (51-2)
(singular ends in -to, plurals end in -nto)
3. If you don’t want the person to act right away but at some time in the future, when a certain
state of affairs has come into existence, then use the second person future imperative
(singular ends in -to, plurals in -tote).
adservatote haec (350)
Erotium tells Menaechmus to take the palla to the embroiderer to be refurbished, after they
dine together at her home:
ergo mox auferto tecum, quando abibis (429) .
Menaechmus tells Messenio to bring the other men to the tavern:
i quantum potes,
abduc istos in tabernam actutum devorsoriam,
tum facito ante solem occasum ut venias advorsum mihi (435-7)
‘go as quickly as you can,
bring them to a tavern for travellers right away,
then see to it that you come to me before sunset’
B. In the subjunctive mood
jussive (1st person plural): videamus qui hinc egreditur (349); eamus intro (431)
hortatory (2nd and 3rd person): fiat
C. Using indirect commands
cura ut + subjunctive
fac + subjunctive cf. faxo foris vidua visas patrem (113 [faxo is an alternate form for fecero])
fac ut + subjunctive, quaeso ut + subjunctive, velim + subjunctive
40 D. Other ways of saying what has to be done
To state necessary actions in a slightly less personal way, where the focus is perhaps more on
the action to be done than on the person who must do it, the passive periphrastic must be
used (+ dative of agent).
standumst in lecto si quid de summo petas (103)
In some situations, there is the need for the opus est + ablative construction, or it is necessary
to use the necesse est + infinitive construction
portitorem domum duxi, ita omnem mihi
rem necesse eloqui est, quicquid egi atque ago (117-8).
Sometimes you just want to use volo: hunc volo etiam conloqui (431)
E. Prohibitions
And to keep people from doing what you don’t want, don’t shy away from prohibitions
noli + infinitive:
sine fores sic, abi, nolo operiri (351)
cave + present subjunctive
ne + perfect subjunctive:
ne feceris (414)
ne + present imperative (in early writers including Plautus and Terence and in the poets):
ne time (136)
ne + future imperative (in laws and formal precepts)
So for example, ...
various kinds of command and direction tend to turn up in scenes when one character tells
another to go shopping. Here Erotium gives directions to the cook Cylindrus
(219-25)
E. sportulam cape atque argentum: equos tris nummos habes?
C. habeo. E. abi atque obsonium adfer: tribus vide quod sit satis,
neque defiat neque supersit. C. cuiusmodi hi homines erunt?
E. ego et Menaechmus et parasitus eius. C. iam sunt decem:
nam parasitus octo<num> hominum munus facile fungitur.
E. elocuta sum convivas: ceterum cura. C. licet.
cocta sunt: iube ire accubitum. E. redi cito. C. iam ego hic ero.
Persons
1st
2nd
Catullus
puella
°osculum
Lesbia
facetiae
Calvus
NOUNS
3rd
41 VERBS
ire
irreg
-are
-ere
ere
rumor
ceno
video
vivo
ineptio
esse
°basium
senex
amo
rideo
dico
redeo
ferre
deliciae
°labellum
as
aestimo
debeo
pono
dormio
volo
Asinius
cena
°linteum
sol
do
invideo
nubo
audio
nolo
Fabullus
aranea
°furtum
nox
conturbabo
fulgeo
occido
gestio
posse
Veranius
mantica
°iocum
vox
sector
maneo
facio
sentio
fio
Suffenus
carta
°vinum
sal
rogo
mordeo
scio
eo
Varus
membrana
°sudarium
°munus
obduro
doleo
sino
adeo
Cicero
provincia
hedecasyllabi
°foedus
basio
abhorreo
desino
ait
lingua
°mnemosynum
lepos
expecto
salveo
duco
malo
aura
sacculus
sodalis
puto
valeo
perdo
poeta
°unguentum
amor
muto
aveo
fugio
oporte
t
gratiae
nasus
fossor
narro
torpeo
credo
taedet
corona
cachinni
°poema
comparo
habeo
olfacio
iniuria
umbilicus
°carmen
reporto
urgeo
cognosco
memin
i
insidiae
°lorum
decoctor
specto
perscribo
odi
mica
caprimulgus
°os
demano
cano
°tergum
furor
tintino
fallo
liber
°palimpsestum
ocellus
digitus
°saeclum
urbs
mens
pes
comes
nepos
exsulto
explico
renovo
attribuo
attingo
derigo
silesco
linquo
°neuter
quis? /quid?
quando?
ubi?
cur?
-ne?, num?
ager
cliens
vigesco
42 campus
auris
eripio
°studium
°lumen
tego
°caelum
auris
tollo
patronus
divus
rex
°crimen
diligo
uro
loquor
proficiscor
°otium
°vulgus
cogo
vehor
nuntius
venustas
sector
metuo
°desiderium
fides
admiror
requiesco
gnatus
pater
vagor
confiteor
utor
Using the attached vocabulary, write some Latin!
Try for an example of each of the following.
1. indirect object
2. genitive of possession
3. indirect statement
4. present contrary to fact condition
5. past contrary to fact condition
6. should-would condition
7. purpose clause.
8. question
9. something about poetry
10. something about friendship
43 44 Catullus 8
Miser Catulle, desinas ineptire,
et quod vides perisse perditum ducas.
Fulsere quondam candidi tibi soles,
cum ventitabas quo puella ducebat
amata nobis quantum amabitur nulla;
ibi illa multa cum iocosa fiebat,
quae tu volebas nec puella nolebat,
fulsere vere candidi tibi soles.
Nunc iam illa non volt; tu quoque impotens noli,
ne quae fugit sectare, nec miser vive,
sed obstinate mente prefer, obdura.
Vale, puella. Iam Catullus obdurate,
nec te requiret nec rogabit invitam. At tu dolebis,
cum rogaberis nulla.
Scelesta, vae te, quae tibi manet vita?
quis nunc te adibit? Cui videberis bella?
quem basiabis? Cui labella mordebis?
At tu, Catulle, destinatus obdura.
Miser Catulle,
[tu] desinas
ineptire
et [tu] ducas [id] perditum [esse]
|
quod vides perisse.
candidi soles fulsere
quondam
cum [tu] ventitabas
[eo] quo puella ducebat
/
amata
nobis
quantum nulla [puella] amabitur
ibi
cum illa multa iocosa
Catullus 13
Cenabis bene, mi Fabulle, apud me
45 Fabulle, [tu] cenabis
bene
paucis, si tibi di favent, diebus,
apud me
paucis diebus
si tecum attuleris bonam atque magnam
si di
favent tibi
si [tu]
attuleris cenam
cenam, non sine candida puella
bonam atque magnam non sine candida puella et vino et sale et omnibus cachinnis.
et vino et sale et omnibus cachinnis. Haec si, inquam, attuleris, venuste noster, venuste noster, si [tu] attuleris haec cenabis bene, nam tui Catulli
tu cenabis bene plenus sacculus est aranearum.
nam sacculus est plenus tui Catulli aranearum. Sed contra accipies meros amores,
Sed [tu] accipies meros amores contra seu quid suavius elegantiusve est; nam
seu [ali]quid est suavius elegantiusve nam [ego] dabo unguentum unguentum dabo, quod meae puellae
________________________/ |quod Veneres Cupidinesque dona[ve]runt donarunt Veneres Cupidinesque;
| meae puellae quod quod tu cum olfacies, deos rogabis
cum tu olifacies, [tu] rogabis deos totum ut te faciant, Fabulle, nasum.
ut [di] faciant te totum nasum Fabulle 46 Latin 305. A guided tour of Caesar on the Druids (de bello Gallico 6.13)
Items in square brackets [ ] are GAPPED, that is, words that Caesar has left out because you
already know what they are.
Main verbs and their subjects, and their complements are in BOLD
1.
duo genera sunt
in omni Gallia
eorum hominum
qui sunt (ablatively characterized by) aliquo numero atque honore
___________________________________________________________________
2.
nam (explaining what Caesar has just said)
plebes
habetur
paene
servorum loco (ablative of place where A&G # 429.1)
quae audet nihil
per se
adhibetur
nullo consilio (alternate form of dative nulli)
_____________________________________________________________________
3.
plerique
when? cum [ei] premuntur
dicant --- + sese in servitutem nobilibus
aut alieno
aut magnitudine tributorum
aut iniuria potentiorum
quibus eadem omnia iura sunt
(dative of possession)
in hos (= the plebs)
quae [sunt] dominis
in servos
_____________________________________________________________________
sed [genus] alterum est Druidum, [genus] alterum [est] equitum
partitive gen.
partitive gen
de his duobus generibus
_____________________________________________________________________
4. (= Druides, the noun further away of the two mentioned in the most recent sentence)
illi
intersunt rebus divinis
procurant sacrificia publica ac privata
interpretantur (deponent) religiones
ad hos (=Druides, people Caesar has just mentioned)
magnus numerus
adulescentium
47 concurrit
causa disciplinae
-que
hi (= Druides) sunt (ablatively characterized by) magno honore
apud eos (=the Gauls)
_____________________________________________________________________
5. Nam (explaining what Caesar has just said)
[the Druids, subject of previous sentence, so it does not need to be restated] constituunt
de omnibus controversiis publicis privatisque
et
( = aliquod: 'after si, nisi, num and -ne, ali' takes a holiday)
si quod facinus admissum est (n.b. admitto facinus = I commit a crime)
si
caedes facta [est]
si controversia [est] de hereditate de finibus
idem decernunt
constituunt praemia poenasque
_____________________________________________________________________
6. si qui
non stetit
decreto eorum (= Druids)
aut privatus
aut populus
then [the Druids] interdicunt
sacrificiis (abl. of separation)
_____________________________________________________________________
7. haec poena est gravissima apud eos (the Gauls)
_____________________________________________________________________
hi
habentur
quibus est ita interdictum
numero impiorum ac sceleratorum
omnes decedunt
his
defugiunt
aditum sermonemque
why? -> purpose clause: ne accipiant [ali] quid incommodi
ex contagione
neque ius redditur
petentibus [ius]
neque honos ullus communicatur
_____________________________________________________________________
8 autem
unus
48 praeest + dative: his omnibus Druidibus
qui habet summam auctoritatem
inter eos (the Gauls)
_____________________________________________________________________
9.
hoc mortuo (abl. absolute, absolutely separate from the rest of the sentence ...)
aut
[he]
si quis
succedit
excellit
ex reliquis
aut
[they]
si plures pares sunt
dignitate
contendunt de principatu
--suffragio Druidum
--non numquam etiam armis
_____________________________________________________________________
hi
considunt
certo tempore anni
in loco consecrato
in finibus Carnutum
quae regio habetur (+ pred. adj.) media totius Galliae
_____________________________________________________________________
10
omnes
conveniunt huc (adv. = to this place)
undique
qui habent controversias
-que
parent decretis iudiciisque eorum (= Druids)
_____________________________________________________________________
11 Disciplinia
existimatur
reperta esse in Britannia
atque inde translata [esse] in Galliam
et nunc
[ei] plerumque (adv. 'generally' ) profiscuntur (deponent) illo (adv. to that place)
causa discendi
qui volunt cognoscere eam rem diligentius
49 Caesar de bello Gallico 6. 14
6.14.1 Druides
consuerunt
abesse
a bello
neque
pendunt
tributa
una (adv.)
cum reliquis
habent
vacationem
militiae
omniumque rerum ... immunitatem.
_____________________________________________________________________
6.14.2 multi
et
conveniunt
in disciplinam
excitati
sua sponte
tantis praemiis
et
mittuntur
a parentibus propinquisque
[they]
dicuntur
ediscere magnum numerum versuum.
6.14.3 itaque non nulli
permanent in disciplina
__________________________________________annos xx____________________
neque
existimant fas esse mandare
ea
litteris
(concessive) cum utantur + abl. Graecis litteris
in reliquis fere rebus
publicis privatisque rationibus
6.14.4 [they]
videntur
instituisse id
mihi
de duabus causis
quod neque velint
disciplinam efferi in vulgum
neque eos
studere memoriae
qui discunt
minus
confisos litteris
quod accidit fere plerisque
ut remittant diligentiam ac memoriam
praesidio litterarum
______
in perdiscendo
6.14.5
volunt persuadere hoc
animas non interire
in primis
sed transire post mortem ab aliis in alios
et
putant
[homines] excitari ad virtutem
hoc (abl)
maxime
metu mortis neglecto (abl. absolute)_________________
6.14.6 praeterea
disputant
multa
de sideribus atque eorum motu
de mundi ac terrarum magnitudine,
de rerum natura
de vi ac potestate deorum immortalium
et
tradunt
[ea] iuventuti
Latin 305 Caesar BG 6.17
1. [Galli]
plurima simulacra
huius
[galli]
2. [Galli
[Galli
colunt
maxime
deum (=deorum)
50 Mercurium
sunt
ferunt
hunc esse inventorem omnium artium
hunc [esse] ducem viarum atque itinerum
arbitrantur hunc habere vim maximam
ad quaestus mercaturasque
pecuniae
colunt] Apollinem et Martem et Iovem et Minervam [esse]
post hunc
habent]
eandem opinionem
fere
de his
quam reliquae gentes habent
Apollinem depellere morbos
Minervam tradere initia
operum atque artificiorum
Iovem tenere imperium
caelestium
Martem regere bella
3. cum [Galli] constituerunt dimicare
[Galli]
4.
proelio
ea
huic
quae ceperint
bello
quae superaverint
immolant
animalia capta
conferunt reliquasque res
in unum locum
licet
conspicari tumulos
extructos
harum rerum locis consecratis
in multis civitatibus
neque
accidit
ut quispiam auderet aut occultare capta
saepe
religione neglecta
apud se
aut tollere posita
-que supplicium gravissimum constitutum est
ei rei
cum cruciatu
devovent
Latin 305
viri
Caesar G. 6.19
communicant
51 tantas
cum dotibus
ex suis bonis
aestimatione facta
quantas pecunias
ratio
acceperunt
ab uxoribus
nomine dotis
habetur
huius omnis pecuniae
coniunctim
fructusque
servantur
____________________________________________________________________
uter
superarit (= superaverit fut. perf.)
eorum
vita (abl.)
pars utriusque
pervenit
ad eum (the one who survived)
cum fructibus superiorum temporum
____________________________________________________________________
viri
habent
potestatem vitae necisque
in uxores
sicut in liberos
et
cum pater familiae
decessit,
natus inlustriore loco
propinqui eius
conveniunt
et
si res venit in suspicionem
de morte
habent quaestionem
de uxoribus
in servilem modum
et
si compertum est
interficiunt [uxores] excruciatas
igni atque omnibus tormentis.
52 6. 20.1 [eae civitates]
habent
sanctum legibus
quae civitates existimantur administrare suam rem publicam
commodius
uti
neve
deferat
si quis acceperit
quid
de republica
a finitimis
rumore aut fama
communicet
6.20.2
quod cognitum est + acc. + inf.
homines temerarios atque imperitos
[id]
ad magistratum
[id] cum quo alio
falsis rumoribus
terreri
et ad facinus impelli
et consilium capere
se summis rebus
6.20.3
magistratus
occultant
-que
produnt multitudini [ea] quae iudicaverunt esse ex usu
loqui
non conceditur
[ea] quae visa sunt
de re publica
nisi per concilium
6.21.1
Germani
nam
neque [Germani]
neque
6.21.2[Germani]
6.21.3 vita
omnis
[Germani]
a parvulis
differunt
multum (adv.)
ab hac consuetudine
habent Druides
qui praesint rebus divinis
student sacrificiis
ducunt eos solos [esse] numero deorum
quos cernunt
quorum aperte opibus iuvantur
Solem et Vulcanum et Lunam
acceperunt reliquos
ne fama quidem
consistit in venationibus atque in studiis rei militaris
student + dative labori atque duritiae
Caesar B.G. 6.22
1. [Galli]
non student
53 culturae
agri
-que
maior pars
consistit
victus
in lacte, caseo, carne.
2. Neque quisquam
habet
certum modum
agri
aut
fines proprios
sed
magistratus et principes
et
3. [Galli]
ne
ne
gentibus cognatibusque
hominum
qui coierunt una
in annos singulos
quantum agri
et
visum est
quo loco
cogunt [eos] transire
alio
anno
post
adferunt
multas causas
eius rei
capti
commutent
studium
assidua consuetudine
belli gerendi
cultura
agri
studeant parare
lato fine
-que
potentiores
ne
attribuunt
pellant
humiliores
possessionibus
aedificant ad frigora atque aestus vitandos
accuratius
oriatur
ne qua cupiditas
pecunia
qua ex re factiones dissensionesque nascuntur
4. ut
contineant
plebem
aequitate
animi
cum quisque videat
suas opes aequari
cum potissimis
54 Caesar BG. 6.23
1. Maxima laus
est
habere
civitatibus
solitudines
quam (= as) latissime
circum se
vastatis finibus
2.
existimant
hoc [esse] proprium
virtutis
finitimos cedere
expulsos
agris
neque quemquam audere consistere
prope
arbitrantur
se fore tutiores
hoc
timore sublato
repentinae incursionis
3. simul
4. cum civitas aut
aut
defendit bellum inlatum
infert
[bellum] ,
magistratus
deliguntur
qui praesint ei bello
ut habeant potestatem vitae necisque
5.
est
nullus communis magistratus
in pace
sed principes
regionum atque pagorum
6.
dicunt ius
inter suos
-que minuunt controversias
latrocinia
habent nullam infamiam
quae fiunt
extra fines
cuiusque civitatis
atque
[ei]
praedicant ea fieri
causa iuventutis exercendae
ac
desidiae minuendae
23.7. Atque
ubi quis
ex principibus
55 dixit
se forem ducem
in concilio
[et]
[ei] profiteantur
qui velint sequi ,
ei
surgunt
qui probant et causam et hominem
et pollicentur auxilium
atque collaudantur
ab multitudine
8. [ei]
qui non secuti sunt
ex his
ducuntur
in numero
desertorum ac proditorum
-que
derogatur
his
postea
9.
fides
omnium rerum
[Germani]
putant
[Germani]
prohibent
ab iniuria
[Germani]
habent
-que
domus
omnium
victusque
patent
non fas
his
communicatur
violare hospitem
[illos]
qui venerunt ad eos
de quaque causa
sanctos
56 6. 24.1
ac fuit tempus
antea
cum Galli
superarent Germanos
virtute
inferrent bella
ultro
mitterent colonias trans Rhenum
propter multitudinem hominum
agrique inopiam
24.2 itaque Volcae Tectosages occupaverunt ea loca
quae sunt fertilissima Germaniae
circum Hercyniam silvam
quam notam esse fama
video
Eratoshtheni et quibusdam Graecis
quam illi appellant Orcyniam
3. quae gens continet sese
his sedibus
ad hoc tempus
-que habet summam opinionem iustitae et bellicae laudis
4. nunc
quod [Volcae Tectosages] permanent in eadem inopia, egestate, patientia
qua Germani [permanent]
[Volcae tectosages]
utuntur
eodem victu et cultu corporis
5. autem propinquitas provinciarum
et notitia transmarinarum rerum
largitur
paulatim [Galli] ipsi
assuefacti superari
-que
victi
multis proeliis
comparant ne se quidem cum illis [Germanis]
virtute
multa ad copiam atque usus
Caesar BG 6. 25.
1
latitudo
huius Hercyniae silvae
57 patet
iter
novem dierum
quam supra demonstrata est
expedito
non enim [latitudo] potest finiri
aliter
neque [Germani] noverunt mensuras
itinerum.
2. [silva]
-que
3. [silva]
oritur
ab finibus
Helvetiorum et Nemetum et Rauricorum
pertinet
ad fines
Dacorum et Anartium
recta regione
fluminis Danuviae
flectit se
hinc
sinistrorsus
regionibus diversis
ab flumine
-que
[silva] attingit
4. neque
fines
multarum gentium
propter magnitudinem
est quisquam
huius Germaniae
qui
dicat se aut adisse ad initium eius silvae
cum [is]
processerit
aut
iter LX dierum
acceperit ex quo loco oriatur
5 -que
multa genera
nasci
ferarum
in ea
quae non visa sint
in reliquis locis
ex quibus
(= et ex eis)
constat
haec sunt [ea]
quae differant
et quae videantur prodenda memoriae
maxime
ab ceteris
58 Caesar BG 6.26
1.
est
bos
figura
cervi
cuius a media fronte unum cornu exsistit
inter aures
excelsius magisque directum
eis cornibus (abl of comparison)
quae nota sunt nobis.
[cornua]
diffunduntur
ab summo
eius
late
sicut palmae ramique.
2 natura
est eadem
feminae marisque
forma
[est] eadem
magnitudoque
cornuum
6.27.1
sunt
qui appellantur alces
item
figura
est
harum
capris
et
varietas
pellium
sed
[alces]
-que
et
2.
neque
neque
3. arbores
[alces]
consimilis
antecedunt
magnitudine
paulo
sunt mutilae
cornibus
habent
crura
sine nodis articlisque
procumbunt
causa
quietis
possunt
erigere sese aut sublevare [sese]
si adflictae
conciderunt
quo casu
sunt
his
pro cubilibus
applicant
se
ad eas
atque reclinatae
capiunt
quietum
ita
paulum
modum
4. cum animadversum est
quo [alces] consuerint recipere se
a venatoribus
quarum (= et earum) ex vestigiis
[venatores] aut subruunt [arbores] ab radicibus aut accidunt omnes arbores
eo loco
tantum
ut summa species reliquatur.
earum stantium
5. cum [alces] reclinaverunt se
[alces] adfligunt
arbores
huc
pondere
infirmas
consuetudine
atque ipsae [alces] concidunt
una
28.1
est
hi
sunt
[sunt]
vis
est
eorum
et
velocitas
[est]
[uri]
[Galli]
parcunt
interficiunt
studiose
Tertium genus
eorum
qui apellantur uri
infra elephantos
magnitudine
paulo
specie et colore et figura
tauri
magna
magna
neque ferae neque homini
quam conspexerunt
[uros] captos
foveis
59 adulescentes durant
60 se
hoc labore
atque
exercent
hoc genere
venationis
et [ei ]
ferunt magnam laudem
qui interfecerunt plurimos
ex his
cornibus
relatis
in publicum
quae sint testimonio
sed [uri] excepti ne quidem parvuli possunt assuescere ad homines et mansuefieri
5. amplitudo
cornuum
et figura
et species
6. [Germani]
circumcludunt
haec
conquista
studiose
argento
ab labris
atque utuntur [eis]
pro poculis
in amplissimis epulis
differt
multum
a cornibus
nostrorum boum
61 Horace 1.11 Tu ne quaesieris, scire nefas, quem mihi, quem tibi finem di dederint, Leuconoe, nec Babylonios temptaris numeros. Ut melius, quicquid erit, pati, seu plures hiemes, seu tribuit Iuppiter ultimam, quae nunc oppositis debilitat pumicibus mare Tyrrhenum. Sapias, vina liques, et spatio brevi spem longam reseces. Dum loquimur, fugerit invida aetas: carpe diem, quam minimum credula postero. Tu, Leuconoe, ne quaesieris quem finem di dederint mihi, quem [finem di dederint] tibi nec temptaris numeros Babylonios. Ut melius [est] pati [id] quicquid erit seu Iuppiter tribuit plures hiemes seu ultimam [hiemem], quae nunc debilitat mare Tyrrhenum oppositis pumicibus [tu] sapias liques vina reseces spem longam spatio brevi Dum [nos] loquimur invida aetas fugerit [tu] carpe diem, credula postero quam minimum Horace 1.5 quis multa gracilis te puer in rosa perfusus liquidis urget odoribus grata, Pyrrha, sub antro? cui flavam religas comam, simplex munditiis? heu quotiens fidem mutatosque deos flebit et aspera nigris aeguora ventis emirabitur insolens qui nunc te fruitur credulous aurea qui semper vacuam, semper amabiliem sperat, nescius aurae fallacis! miseri, quibus intemptata nites. me tabula sacer votiva paries indicat uvida suspendisse potenti vestimenta maris deo 62 quis puer urget te gracilis in multa rosa perfusus sub antro grato liquidis odoribus cui [tu] religas comam flavam simplex munditiis heu, quotiens [puer] flebit fidem et emirabitur aequora aspera nigris ventis qui credulus fruitur te aurea qui sperat te [esse] vacuam semper nescius aurae fallacis miseri [sunt] | quibus [tu] intemptata nites paries indicat me suspendisse vestimenta deo sacer tabula votiva maris 63 Horace 1.9 vides ut alta stet nive candidum Soracte, nec iam sustineant onus silvae laborantes, geluque flumina constiterint acuto. Dissolve frigus ligna super foco large reponens atque benignius deprome quadrimum Sabina O Thaliarche, merum diota. Permitte divis cetera, qui simul stravere ventos aequore fervido deproeliantis, nec cupressi nec veteres agitantur orni. Quid sit futurum cras, fuge quaerere et quem Fors dierum cumque dabit, lucro appone nec dulcis amores sperne puer neque tu choreas, Donec virenti canities abest morose. Nunc et campus et areae lenesque sub noctem susurri composita repetantur hora, nunc et latentis proditor intumo gratus puellae risus ab angulo pignusque dereptum lacertis aut digito male pertinaci. 1. [tu] vides ut Soracte stet candida alta nive nec silvae laborantes sustineant onus -­‐que flumina consiterint gelu acuto 2. O Thaliarche dissolve frigus reponens ligna super foco large atque deprome quadrimum merum benignius Sabina diota 3. [tu] permitte cetera divis qui simul stravere ventos (= et cum ei stravere ventos) nec cupressi nec veteres orni agitantur 4. tu puer fuge quaerere quid sit futurum cras appone [id] lucro | quemcumque dierum Fors dabit neque sperne dulcis amores neque choreas 5. donec morosa canities abest [tibi] virenti nunc et campus et areae lenesque susurri repetantur sub noctem composita hora 6. nunc risus [repetatur] proditor gratus puellae latentis ab angulo intumo -­‐que pignus dereptum lacertis aut digito male pertinaci (Cf. A&G # 381 many verbs of taking away and the like take the dative (esp, of a person) instead of the ablative of separation) Horace 3.13 O fons Bandusiae splendidior vitro dulci digne mero non sine floribus, cras donaberis haedo cui frons turgida cornibus primis et venerem et proelia destinat; frustra: nam gelidos inficiet tibi rubro sanguine rivos lascivi suboles gregis. te flagrantis atrox hora Caniculae nescit tangere, tu frigus amabile fessis vomere tauris praebes et pecori vago. fies nobilium tu quoque fontium me dicente cavis impositam ilicem saxis, unde loquaces lymphae desiliunt tuae. 64 o fons donaberis haedo Bandusiae cras spendidior vitro digne dulci mero non sine floribus cui frons destinat et venerem turgida frustra et proelia cornibus primis nam suboles inficiet gelidos rivos lascivi gregis tibi rubro sanguine. atrox hora nescit tangere te flagrantis Caniculae tu praebes frigus amabile tauris fessis vomere et pecori vago quoque tu fies nobilium fontium me dicente ilicem impositam cavis saxis unde tuae loquaces lymphae desiliunt 65 Horace 1.37 nunc est bibendum, nunc pede libero pulsanda tellus, nunc Saliaribus ornare pulvinar deorum tempus erat dapibus, sodales. ante haec nefas depromere Caecubum cellis avitis, dum Capitolio regina dementis ruinas funus et imperio parabat contaminato cum grege turpium morbo virorum, quidlibet impotens sperare fortunaque dulci ebria. sed minuit furorem vix una sospes navis ab ignibus, mentemque lymphatam Maerotico redegit in veros timores Caesar ab Italia volantem remis adurgens accipiter velut mollis columbas aut leporem citus venator in campis nivalis Haemoniae, daret ut catenis fatale monstrum, quae generosius perire quaerens nec muliebriter expavit ensem nec latentis classe cita reparavit oras ; ausa et iacentem visere regiam vultu sereno, fortis et asperas tractare serpentis, ut atrum corpore combiberent venenum, deliberata morte ferocior , saevis Liburnis scilicet invidens privata deduci superbo non humilis mulier triumpho. sodales, nunc est bibendum nunc tellus [est] pulsanda pede libero nunc tempus erat ornare pulvinar deorum dapibus Saliaribus ante hac nefas [erat] depromere Caecubum cellis avitis dum regina parabat dementis ruinas Capitolio et | funus imperio | cum grege contaminato | | morbo | turpium virorum impotens sperare quidlibet -­‐que ebria fortuna dulci sed vix una navis sospes minuit furorem ab ignibus -­‐que Caesar redegit mentem lymphatam | Maerotico | in veros timores adurgens [Cleopatram] volantem ab Italia remis velut accipiter [adurgens] mollis columbas aut venator citus [adurgens] leporem in campis nivalis Haemoniae ut [Caesar] daret fatale monstrum catenis / [Cleopatram] quae nec expavit ensem muliebriter | nec reparavit oras latentis | classe cita quaerens perire generosius et ausa visere iacentem regiam serena vultu et fortis tractare asperas serpentas ut [ea] combiberet atrum venenum corpore ferocior deliberata morte invidens (scilicet) deduci privata saevis liburnis non humilis mulier superbo triumpho 66