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Transcript
CHAPTER 15: MAIN TOPICS Selective Breeding Southern Blotting Polymerase Chain Reaction Recombinant DNA Transgenic organisms Cloning GMO’s SELECTIVE BREEDING Selective breeding: Breeding organisms for particular traits Results in new genetic strains (varieties) 150 dog breeds Types of selective breeding: Inbreeding Hybridization Induced mutations SELECTIVE BREEDING Inbreeding Mating 2 closely related organisms Decreases heterozygosity Genetic disorders on recessive alleles Commonly used by dog breeders SELECTIVE BREEDING Hybridization Combining different varieties of organisms Farm animals/crops grow faster and bigger BEEFALO (combination of cattle and a buffalo) BIOTECHNOLOGY Biotechnology: Any application that uses living organisms to produce offspring that have a specific purpose. Induced Mutations Increases genetic variation Examples: Bacterial mutations and polyploid plants BIOTECHNOLOGY Bacterial Mutations Increased by radiation or chemicals Mostly bad mutations but occasional good mutations Creates beneficial bacterial strains BIOTECHNOLOGY Polyploid plants result from introducing a drug that induces nondisjunction. Many chromosomes per cell. Plants are larger/stronger than diploids. SOUTHERN BLOTTING: USED TO FIND A PARTICULAR GENE OF INTEREST. Steps of Southern Blotting Restriction enzymes split DNA Gel electrophoresis separates fragments COPYING DNA POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION P C R I S A R A P I D M E T H O D F O R C LO N I N G G E N E S 1 DNA is heated into separate strands 2 The mixture is cooled, and primers bind to strands 3 DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to strands, producing two complementary strands. 4 The procedure is repeated starting at step 1 . CHANGING DNA Recombinant DNA technology allows for a change in the genetic composition of living organisms Involves producing a custom built DNA and incorporating it into living cells CHANGING DNA Steps In Combining DNA Fragments Step 1: Restriction enzymes cut DNA making sticky ends Step 2: These sequences are combined with the DNA of the organism you want to change (recombinant DNA) CHANGING DNA Plasmids Circular bacterial DNA molecules Scientists combine a DNA fragment to plasmids to make recombinant DNA. CHANGING DNA The production of human growth hormone using Plasmid DNA Transformation CHANGING DNA Plasmids and Genetic Markers Genetic markers are genes that make it possible to distinguish bacteria that have been transformed by a plasmid from those that have not. TRANSGENIC ORGANISMS Transgenic organisms are produced by the insertion of recombinant DNA into the genome of a host organism. TRANSGENIC PLANTS CLONING Ian Wilmut, Scotland, 1997 Cloned A Sheep – Dolly CLONING DOLLY THE SHEEP AGRICULTURE AND INDUSTRY GMOs (Genetically Modified Organisms): Organisms that have had specific changes introduced into their DNA Benefits: Less expensive food More nutritious Less harmful GM (TRANSGENIC) CROPS GM crops make up a large % of soybeans, cotton, and corn Incorporates recombinant DNA Bt toxin gene kills insects making pesticides unnecessary APPLICATIONS OF GM ANIMALS Cows with added hormones produce more milk Pigs modified produce leaner meat Animals with extra genes for growth hormone so they grow faster Cows Fish (salmon) Chickens resistant to Salmonella GM ANIMALS In 2008, U.S government approved sale of meat and milk from cloned animals. Benefits of cloning: Make copies of transgenic animals (faster than breeding) Increase food supply Save endangered species HEALTH AND MEDICINE: PREVENTING DISEASE Recombinant DNA has also been used for medicine Plants w/ added vitamins Golden Rice Animals and plants that produce antibodies and antibiotics Antibacterial goat milk HEALTH AND MEDICINE: MEDICAL RESEARCH Transgenic animals are often used for testing treatments of various diseases Cancer studies Alzheimer’s disease and arthritis HEALTH AND MEDICINE: TREATING DISEASE GMOs can be used to make proteins to treat diseases Transgenic microorganisms can be used to produce human: Insulin Growth Hormone Clotting Factors Interferon HEALTH AND MEDICINE: TREATING DISEASE Gene Therapy: The use of recombinant DNA to treat disorders Involves using DNA that encodes a functional gene in order to replace a mutated gene. PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION: DNA FINGERPRINTING Identifies individuals by their DNA profiles Paternity tests Crime Scene Investigations DNA FINGERPRINTING CHAPTER 15.4 ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS What privacy issues does biotechnology raise? Are GM foods safe? Should genetic modifications to humans and other organisms be closely regulated? PROFITS AND PRIVACY Patents Protect the integrity of scientific discoveries Include DNA sequences, genes, techniques PRO: Motivates scientists to make new discoveries CON: High fees for other companies PROFITS AND PRIVACY: GENETIC OWNERSHIP Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Arlington, VA) Now US military requires a DNA sample before serving PRO: Biotechnology ensures a future of no more unknown soldiers PROFITS AND PRIVACY: GENETIC OWNERSHIP CON: DNA samples for paternity suits or health insurance claims RESULT: Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act in 2008 SAFET Y OF TRANSGENICS PROs of GMOs CONs of GMOs Produce high yields No long-term for mass production studies of the Reduce land needed hazards these foods might present for agriculture Insect resistance Lower cost may threaten Insect resistant beneficial insects plants prevent pesticide use Small farmers may (healthier and better go out of business for environment) ETHICS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY PRO: Curing diseases CON: When is biotechnology going too far? Manipulate people’s physical appearance? Cloning humans?