Download question Examination questions: Digestion and intermediary

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question Examination questions: Digestion and intermediary metabolism
/ topic
(glucose, fructose, galactose from lactose)
1/1
Monosaccharides in a diet, classification, structure.
2/1
Disaccharides in a diet, structure, properties.
3/1
Polysaccharides in a diet, structure, types of bonds.
(starch, glycogen, cellulose)
4/1
Fiber - structure, properties, importance.
(examples)
5/1
Digestion of saccharides - localization, enzymes, specifity, products.
6/1
Transport of saccharides from gut lumen to the blood.
7/1
Triacylglycerols in a diet, structure, types of bonds.
8/1
Phospholipids in a diet, structure, types of bonds.
9/1
Cholesterol in a diet (free and esterified), structure.
10/1
Digestion of lipids - localization, enzymes, specifity, products, role of bile.
11/1
Bile acids – chemical nature, conjugation, importance, fate.
12/1
Transport of lipids from gut lumen to the blood.
13/1
Proteins in a diet - importance, general structure, types of bonds.
14/1
Digestion of proteins - localization, enzymes, specifity, products.
15/1
Transport of AA from gut lumen to the blood; role of Gln in enterocytes.
16/1
Vitamins B1 and panthotenic acid - relation to metabolism.
17/1
Vitamins B2 and niacin - relation to metabolism.
18/1
Vitamins B6 and biotin - relation to metabolism.
19/1
Vitamins B12 and folic acid - relation to metabolism; intrinsic factor.
20/1
Vitamins A, C and E - relation to metabolism.
21/1
Vitamins D and K - relation to metabolism.
22/2
Metabolism of glucose in the liver.
(review, importance)
23/2
Metabolism of fructose in the liver; glucitol.
(fructokinase, aldolase; hexokinase)
24/2
Metabolism of fatty acids in the liver.
(review, importance)
25/2
Metabolism of lipoproteins in the liver - review.
(review, importance)
26/2
Metabolism of cholesterol in the liver, regulation.
27/2
Detoxication of ammonia in the liver, regulation.
(role of Gln and Ala; urea synthesis)
28/2
Metabolism of amino acids in the liver.
(review, importance)
29/2
Metabolism of bilirubin.
30/2
Fe and Cu in a human body, importance of the liver in their metabolism.
(transport, storage, importance)
31/2
Metabolism of hepatocytes found in different zones of a liver lobule.
(periportal and peripheral hepatocytes)
32/2
Cori cycle and glucose-alanine cycle.
(description,function)
33/2
Enzymes ALT, AST and GMD - role in a metabolism of amino acids.
(names of the enzymes, reactions; role)
34/2
Importance of intestinal bacteria.
(sucrose, lactose, maltose; composition;
reducing properties)
(α-amylase – salivary and pancreatic,
disaccharidases)
(glc, gal, fru, pentoses; mtb in eneterocytes)
(general formula, properties – oils, fat →
types of fatty acids)
(general structure, properties, functions in a
human body)
(structure formula; transport in blood –
lipoproteins)
(lipases, colipase, phospholipase, cholesterol
esterase; mixed micelles)
(primary and secondary)
(mixed micelles, reesterification,
chylomicrons, lymph)
(classification and composition of proteins,
prim., sec., terc. and quaternary structure)
(endo- and exopeptidases, proenzymes;
production, function of HCl; di-, tripeptidases)
(transporters; essential amino acids – review;
Gln)
(alternative names, active forms, examples of
their use in metabolic reactions)
(alternative names, active forms, examples of
their use in metabolic reactions)
(alternative names, active forms, examples of
their use in metabolic reactions)
(alternative names, active forms, examples of
their use in metabolic reactions)
(alternative names, active forms, β-carotene;
reducing prop. – antioxidants; other roles)
(alternative names, active forms, function in
the body)
(formation, bile acids.; transport
to extrahepatic tissues, role in the body)
(formation → excretion)
(mtb of fiber, deconjugation of bilirubin, mtb of
bile acids, synthesis of vitamins)
35/2
Metabolic pathways found in the liver during well-fed state.
(review, importance)
36/2
Metabolic pathways found in the liver during fasting.
(review, importance)
37/2
Impact of chemical nature of a xenobiotic on its fate in an organism.
38/2
General scheme of metabolism of xenobiotics.
39/2
1 phase of biotransformation of xenob.-review of reactions, importance.
40/2
Cytochrome P-450 - importance, localization within a cell, properties.
41/2
2 phase of biotransformation of xenob. - conjug., role, fate of products.
42/2
Metabolism of ethanol and its effect on the other metabolic pathways.
st
nd
(hydrophilic, lipophilic; transport in blood;
excretion from the organism)
(absorption; 1st a 2nd phase of
biotransformation – importance; fate)
(description, examples)
←
(description, examples)
←
The testing includes two questions – one from each topic.
Expected knowledge of metabolic pathways: review of substrates, important intermediates and products, the importance
of each pathway, its regulation and its interconnection with intermediary metabolism.
The pathways will not be tested in details as required in the module Cellular Basis of Medicine.