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CONCEPTS OF INFLAMMATION AND THE IMMUNE RESPONSE
BODY DEFENSE MECHANISMS
IMMUNITY
 Purpose of inflammation and immunity
 Neutralize, eliminate or destroy
organisms that invade internal
environment
 Healthy self cells are distinguished from
non-self cells by immune system cells
SELF AND NON-SELF CELLS
 Body can only defend against an invader if
it is able to distinguish between its own
cells (self) and those of an invader (nonself)
 Each cell in the body carries on its surface
the same distinct marker for selfness
SELF AND NON-SELF CELLS
 Tissue introduced into a person (i.e.
transplant) will be recognized as non-self
 Key feature of the immune system is its
ability to recognize self against non-self
cells. If this does not occur can lead to
autoimmune disorders where the immune
system attacks self cells
HUMAN LEUKOCYTE ANTIGENS
 Universal Product Code—proteins found
on the surface of all body cells of an
individual
 Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLAs) are
proteins responsible for each individual’s
universal product code. Their function is to
transport antigens from within the cell to
the cell surface
HLAs
 Immune System uses the HLAs to
differentiate between self and non-self
cells. Any cells displaying that person’s
HLA type belongs to that person (and is
not an invader)
 HLAs is dependent on which genes are
inherited by parents
 Self -Tolerance—Ability to recognize self
vs. non-self cells. Necessary to prevent
healthy body cells from being destroyed
along with invaders
 Antigen (antibody generation) is a specific
foreign protein that prompts the
generation of antibodies. Antigens specify
tissue type of person
FACTORS AFFECTING IMMUNE SYSTEM
FUNCTION
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Nutritional Status
Environmental Conditions
Therapeutic Agents
Presence of Disease
Age
Genetics
Certain viruses
IMMUNE SYSTEM CELLS AND HORMONES
 Stem Cells
 Maturation
 Leukocytes (Table 23-1, Page 364)
 Actions
 Recognize self vs. non-self
 Phagocytic destruction
 Lytic destruction
 Production of antobodies
THE THREE DIVISIONS OF IMMUNITY
 INFLAMMATION
 ANTIBODY- MEDIATED IMMUNITY
 CELL- MEDIATED IMMUNITY
INFLAMMATION
 Process by which the body utilizes WBCs and
chemicals to provide immediate protection from
infection and foreign substances
 Nonspecific immune response
 Can rid body of harmful organisms
 Tissue damage may result from chronic
inflammation
INFLAMMATION
 WHAT DISEASES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH
INFLAMMATION?
 WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS OF INFLAMMATION?
 WHAT CAUSES THE SYMPTOMS OF
INFLAMMATION?
 WHAT MEDICATIONS ARE USED TO TREAT
INFLAMMATION?
TYPES OF CELLS INVOLVED IN INFLAMMATION
 NEUTROPHILS
 SEGS, BANDS
 MACROPHAGES
 EOSINOPHILS
 BASOPHILS
PROGRESSIOM FROM BAND TO SEG
PHAGOCYTOSIS
 Key process of inflammation
 Cellular process of engulfing solid particles
such as bacteria and cell debris and
removing them
 Rids the body of debris after tissue injury
PHAGOCYTOSIS—SEVEN STEPS
 EXPOSURE AND INVASION
 ATTRACTION
 ADHERENCE
 RECOGNITION
 CELLULAR INGESTION
 PHAGOSOME FORMATION
 DEGRADATION
INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE SEQUENCE
 Stage I- Vascular (change in blood vessel
 Phase I rapid blood vessel constriction
 Phase II hyperemia, edema
 Stage II- Cellular Exudate increase in
circulating neutrophils, formation of pus
 Stage III- Tissue Repair and Replacement
ANTIBODY-MEDIATED IMMUNITY
 Antibody—a protein (gammaglobulin) that
forms to defend the body from a specific
antigen (foreign substance), such as chemical
agents, virus particles, and bacterial toxins
 All antibodies are gammaglobulins (also
called immunoglobulins)
 Globulin is a protein in a globular shape
 Globular proteins provide immunity
 Resulting term is immumoglobulin
AMI
 Antigen-Antibody Reactions
 Destroy, eliminate, neutralize foreign
proteins
 Long lasting immune reaction
 Entire immune system must function
adequately for optimal AMI
AMI
 CELLS INVOLVED IN AMI
 B-cells
 Macrophages
 T-Lymphocytes
 B-Cells
 Start as stem cells from bone marrow
 Produce antibodies to specific foreign protein
 Develop in lymphocytic tissue
 Produce antibodies
AMI
ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY INTERACTIONS
 EXPOSURE
 ANTIGEN RECOGNITION
 LYMPHOCYTIC SENSITIVATION
 ANTIBODY PRODUCTION AND RELEASE
 ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY BINDING
 ANTIBODY BINDING ACTIONS
 SUSTAINED IMMUNITY: MEMORY
ANTIBODY TYPES
 IMMUNOGLOBULINS ARE CLASSIFIED BY SIZE,
TIMING, AND ASSOCIATION
 IgA
 IgD
 IgE
 IgG
 IgM
ACQUIRED ANTIBODY MEDIATED IMMUNITY
 Innate-native Immunity
 Adaptive Immunity
 Active Immunity
ACQUIRED ANTIBODY MEDIATED IMMUNITY
 Nature Active Immunity
 Artificial Active Immunity
 Passive Immunity
CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY
 Provided by mature lymphocyte stem cells
 Helps protect the body by differentiating self
from non-self cells. Cells most easily
recognized by CMI are cancer cells and those
cells inflicted by organisms that live in the
host cell
CMI
 T-lymphocytes (T-cells)
 Helper-Inducer T- Cells
 Suppressor T-cells
 Cytotoxic/Cytolytic T-Cells
 Natural Killer Cells
CYTOKINES
 Small, secreted proteins which regulate
immunity, inflammation, and hematopoiesis
 Act by binding to specific membrane
receptors, which then signal the cell to alter
its behavior, causing a change in function of
the target cell.
 Many different types of cells can produce the
same cytokine, and a single cytokine may act
on a variety of target cells
CYTOKINES
TRANSPLANT REJECTION
 Hyperacute Graft
 Acute Graft
 Chronic
TREATMENT OF TRANSPLANT REJECTION
 Medication
 Maintenance
 Rescue Therapy