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Transcript
CONCEPTS OF INFLAMMATION AND THE IMMUNE RESPONSE BODY DEFENSE MECHANISMS IMMUNITY Purpose of inflammation and immunity Neutralize, eliminate or destroy organisms that invade internal environment Healthy self cells are distinguished from non-self cells by immune system cells SELF AND NON-SELF CELLS Body can only defend against an invader if it is able to distinguish between its own cells (self) and those of an invader (nonself) Each cell in the body carries on its surface the same distinct marker for selfness SELF AND NON-SELF CELLS Tissue introduced into a person (i.e. transplant) will be recognized as non-self Key feature of the immune system is its ability to recognize self against non-self cells. If this does not occur can lead to autoimmune disorders where the immune system attacks self cells HUMAN LEUKOCYTE ANTIGENS Universal Product Code—proteins found on the surface of all body cells of an individual Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLAs) are proteins responsible for each individual’s universal product code. Their function is to transport antigens from within the cell to the cell surface HLAs Immune System uses the HLAs to differentiate between self and non-self cells. Any cells displaying that person’s HLA type belongs to that person (and is not an invader) HLAs is dependent on which genes are inherited by parents Self -Tolerance—Ability to recognize self vs. non-self cells. Necessary to prevent healthy body cells from being destroyed along with invaders Antigen (antibody generation) is a specific foreign protein that prompts the generation of antibodies. Antigens specify tissue type of person FACTORS AFFECTING IMMUNE SYSTEM FUNCTION Nutritional Status Environmental Conditions Therapeutic Agents Presence of Disease Age Genetics Certain viruses IMMUNE SYSTEM CELLS AND HORMONES Stem Cells Maturation Leukocytes (Table 23-1, Page 364) Actions Recognize self vs. non-self Phagocytic destruction Lytic destruction Production of antobodies THE THREE DIVISIONS OF IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION ANTIBODY- MEDIATED IMMUNITY CELL- MEDIATED IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION Process by which the body utilizes WBCs and chemicals to provide immediate protection from infection and foreign substances Nonspecific immune response Can rid body of harmful organisms Tissue damage may result from chronic inflammation INFLAMMATION WHAT DISEASES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH INFLAMMATION? WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS OF INFLAMMATION? WHAT CAUSES THE SYMPTOMS OF INFLAMMATION? WHAT MEDICATIONS ARE USED TO TREAT INFLAMMATION? TYPES OF CELLS INVOLVED IN INFLAMMATION NEUTROPHILS SEGS, BANDS MACROPHAGES EOSINOPHILS BASOPHILS PROGRESSIOM FROM BAND TO SEG PHAGOCYTOSIS Key process of inflammation Cellular process of engulfing solid particles such as bacteria and cell debris and removing them Rids the body of debris after tissue injury PHAGOCYTOSIS—SEVEN STEPS EXPOSURE AND INVASION ATTRACTION ADHERENCE RECOGNITION CELLULAR INGESTION PHAGOSOME FORMATION DEGRADATION INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE SEQUENCE Stage I- Vascular (change in blood vessel Phase I rapid blood vessel constriction Phase II hyperemia, edema Stage II- Cellular Exudate increase in circulating neutrophils, formation of pus Stage III- Tissue Repair and Replacement ANTIBODY-MEDIATED IMMUNITY Antibody—a protein (gammaglobulin) that forms to defend the body from a specific antigen (foreign substance), such as chemical agents, virus particles, and bacterial toxins All antibodies are gammaglobulins (also called immunoglobulins) Globulin is a protein in a globular shape Globular proteins provide immunity Resulting term is immumoglobulin AMI Antigen-Antibody Reactions Destroy, eliminate, neutralize foreign proteins Long lasting immune reaction Entire immune system must function adequately for optimal AMI AMI CELLS INVOLVED IN AMI B-cells Macrophages T-Lymphocytes B-Cells Start as stem cells from bone marrow Produce antibodies to specific foreign protein Develop in lymphocytic tissue Produce antibodies AMI ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY INTERACTIONS EXPOSURE ANTIGEN RECOGNITION LYMPHOCYTIC SENSITIVATION ANTIBODY PRODUCTION AND RELEASE ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY BINDING ANTIBODY BINDING ACTIONS SUSTAINED IMMUNITY: MEMORY ANTIBODY TYPES IMMUNOGLOBULINS ARE CLASSIFIED BY SIZE, TIMING, AND ASSOCIATION IgA IgD IgE IgG IgM ACQUIRED ANTIBODY MEDIATED IMMUNITY Innate-native Immunity Adaptive Immunity Active Immunity ACQUIRED ANTIBODY MEDIATED IMMUNITY Nature Active Immunity Artificial Active Immunity Passive Immunity CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY Provided by mature lymphocyte stem cells Helps protect the body by differentiating self from non-self cells. Cells most easily recognized by CMI are cancer cells and those cells inflicted by organisms that live in the host cell CMI T-lymphocytes (T-cells) Helper-Inducer T- Cells Suppressor T-cells Cytotoxic/Cytolytic T-Cells Natural Killer Cells CYTOKINES Small, secreted proteins which regulate immunity, inflammation, and hematopoiesis Act by binding to specific membrane receptors, which then signal the cell to alter its behavior, causing a change in function of the target cell. Many different types of cells can produce the same cytokine, and a single cytokine may act on a variety of target cells CYTOKINES TRANSPLANT REJECTION Hyperacute Graft Acute Graft Chronic TREATMENT OF TRANSPLANT REJECTION Medication Maintenance Rescue Therapy