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AP Biology Exam Review T2 Know and understand: Chapter 43 Explain innate immunity by: describing barrier defenses describing internal defenses Explain adaptive immunity by: describing humoral response which includes: B cells plasma cells antibodies memory cells helper T cells cell mediated response which includes: Helper T cells cytotoxic T cells memory cells Identify and explain the parts of the immune system that represent how cells communicate via local/paracrine communication. Explain the difference between a primary and secondary immune responses. Explain the difference between active and passive immunity Chapter 45 Identify and explain the role that hormones have in homeostatic pathways. Know how hormones bind to target receptors and trigger specific pathways. Provide an example and describe the action of one hormone that displays positive feedback and one that displays negative feedback. Explain how steroid and peptide hormone differ as ligands in signal transduction pathways. Explain the significance of having antagonistic hormones to maintain homeostasis. Know the names of 2 specific antagonistic hormones and understand how they work together to maintain homeostasis. Chapter 48 Diagram the parts of a neuronal circuit and explain how all of the parts work together to generate an impulse. Show how a neuron has a cell body, axon, dendrite and how many have a myelin sheath. Explain how the structure of the neuron allows for the detection, generation, transmission and integration of signal information. Explain how Schwann cells form the myelin sheath and allow impulses to travel faster along the neuron. Explain the difference between ligand gated and voltage gated channels and the role that each play in the neuronal circuit Explain how action potentials propagate impulses along neurons Explain the electrical potentials across membranes of neurons Explain how the Na+ and K+ gated channels cause depolarization and re-polarization respectively. Explain how the Na+ /K+ pump maintains the membrane potential by never stopping. Show and explain how transmission of information between neurons occurs across synapses. Describe the role of neurotransmitters in chemical synapses. Describe how neurotransmitters transmit information that results in a response. Explain that this resultant response can be excitatory or inhibitory. Explain how different regions of the brain have different functions such as vision, hearing, muscle movement etc. Summarize how the nervous system receives a signal, integrates the information and produces a response. Chapter 39: Phototropism and Photoperiodism Define what phototropism is, and explain how auxin causes this to happen. Describe what photoperiodism is and explain how phytochromes relate to flowering in plants. The Cell Cycle Chapter 12 Know and be able to explain Role of cell division Chromosomes structure Mitosis vs cytokinesis Cell Cycle Phases and events of each Phase Phases of Mitosis and events Plant vs Animal Cytokinesis Role of cyclins on the cell cycle Activity of cyclin dependent kinases (CDks) Role of MPF (maturation promoting factor) and metastasis Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles Chapter 13 Basic vocab o Gene o Loci o Gamete o Somatic cells o Karyotype o Diploid o Haploid o Homologous chromosomes o Zygote Purpose of meiosis Events and chromosome numbers of meiosis Including vocab o o o o o o Crossing over Synapse Chiasmata homologs replicated chromosomes sister chromatids Mendel and the Gene Idea Chapter 14 Mendel’s studies o P, F1, F2 o Dominant and recessive o Hetero/homo-zygous o Alleles o Punnett squares o Mono/di-hybrid o Law of segregation and Independent Assortment o Use of probability Co-dominance Incomplete Dominance Multiple Alleles/Blood Type Polygenetic traits/multifactorial traits The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance-Chapter 15 Chromosome theory of inheritance Sex linked SRY Linked genes Linkage Map Units Nondisjunction How do Deletion, duplication, inversion and translocation effect inheritance Mitochondrial Inheritance The Molecular Basis of Inheritance-Chapter 16 Structure of the DNA molecule o Nucleotides o Bases o Bonds o Backbone o Purines o Pyrimidines o Double helix o Antiparallel o Chargaff’s rules DNA Replication o Origins of replication o Leading lagging strands o RNA primer o Helicase o SSBP o Topoisomerase o DNA polymerase o DNA ligase o Semi-conservative o Telomeres/telomerase DNA Structure o Chromatin o Chromosome o Histones charges and reason tightly binds to DNA o Nucleosomes o Looped domains o 30 nm fiber o Double helix o Hetero/eu-chromatin From Gene to Protein-Chapter 17 Central Dogma RNA vs DNA Explain transcription o Tata box, Promoter, RNA polymerase, transcription unit, RNA o Initiation, elongation, termination Explain RNA processing o End caps o Introns/exons o Spliceosomes/snurps Ribozyme Alternative splicing Explain translation o Codon/anticodon o Charged/uncharged tRNA o initiation, elongation, termination o APE sites of ribosome o Wobble o Polyribosome Post-translation modifications Mutations o Point o Frameshift o Nonsense o Missense o Silent o Causes Differences between bacterial and eukaryotic gene expression Regulation of Gene Expression-Chapter 18 Operons o Negative inhibition/positive o Promoter o Repressor o Operator o Gene o Regulatory gene o Inducible/repressible o Inducer o Trp vs lac operons CAP (catabolic Activator Protein)/cAMP, glucose relationship Differential gene expression Role of histone modification/DNA methylation on eukaryotic gene expression Explain how enhancers and activator interact with transcription factors to affect gene expression Describe how proteins can be activated, processed and degraded. Describe the proteasomes action and role in gene expression Describe microRNA/siRNA and their role in gene expression 3 processes that lead to transformation of a zygote to an organism Cell differentiation cause Differential gene expression results from different activitors-cyctoplasmic determinants and inductive signals Homeotic genes Viruses-Chapter 19 Characteristics of viruses Structure of viruses Obligate parasites Lytic cycle Lysogenic cycle Prophage/provirus Types of genetic material o DNA o RNA retrovirus, reverse transcriptase Restriction enzymes How do virus cause illness/prevention How do viruses emerge Horizontal /vertical transmission Plant viral spread Viroid Prion