Download AP Biology Exam Review T2

AP Biology Exam Review T2
Know and understand:
Chapter 43
Explain innate immunity by:

describing barrier defenses
describing internal defenses
Explain adaptive immunity by:











describing humoral response which includes:
B cells
plasma cells
antibodies
memory cells
helper T cells
cell mediated response which includes:
Helper T cells
cytotoxic T cells
memory cells

Identify and explain the parts of the immune system that represent how cells communicate via
local/paracrine communication.

Explain the difference between a primary and secondary immune responses.

Explain the difference between active and passive immunity
Chapter 45






Identify and explain the role that hormones have in homeostatic pathways.
Know how hormones bind to target receptors and trigger specific pathways.
Provide an example and describe the action of one hormone that displays positive feedback and
one that displays negative feedback.
Explain how steroid and peptide hormone differ as ligands in signal transduction pathways.
Explain the significance of having antagonistic hormones to maintain homeostasis.
Know the names of 2 specific antagonistic hormones and understand how they work together to
maintain homeostasis.
Chapter 48

Diagram the parts of a neuronal circuit and explain how all of the parts work together to
generate an impulse.

Show how a neuron has a cell body, axon, dendrite and how many have a myelin sheath.

Explain how the structure of the neuron allows for the detection, generation, transmission and
integration of signal information.

Explain how Schwann cells form the myelin sheath and allow impulses to travel faster along the
neuron.

Explain the difference between ligand gated and voltage gated channels and the role that each
play in the neuronal circuit

Explain how action potentials propagate impulses along neurons

Explain the electrical potentials across membranes of neurons

Explain how the Na+ and K+ gated channels cause depolarization and re-polarization
respectively.

Explain how the Na+ /K+ pump maintains the membrane potential by never stopping.

Show and explain how transmission of information between neurons occurs across synapses.

Describe the role of neurotransmitters in chemical synapses.

Describe how neurotransmitters transmit information that results in a response.

Explain that this resultant response can be excitatory or inhibitory.

Explain how different regions of the brain have different functions such as vision, hearing, muscle
movement etc.

Summarize how the nervous system receives a signal, integrates the information and produces a
response.
Chapter 39: Phototropism and Photoperiodism


Define what phototropism is, and explain how auxin causes this to happen.
Describe what photoperiodism is and explain how phytochromes relate to flowering in plants.
The Cell Cycle Chapter 12
Know and be able to explain










Role of cell division
Chromosomes structure
Mitosis vs cytokinesis
Cell Cycle Phases and events of each Phase
Phases of Mitosis and events
Plant vs Animal Cytokinesis
Role of cyclins on the cell cycle
Activity of cyclin dependent kinases (CDks)
Role of MPF (maturation promoting factor)
and metastasis
Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles Chapter 13



Basic vocab
o Gene
o Loci
o Gamete
o Somatic cells
o Karyotype
o Diploid
o Haploid
o Homologous chromosomes
o Zygote
Purpose of meiosis
Events and chromosome numbers of meiosis
Including vocab
o
o
o
o
o
o
Crossing over
Synapse
Chiasmata
homologs
replicated chromosomes
sister chromatids
Mendel and the Gene Idea Chapter 14

Mendel’s studies
o P, F1, F2
o Dominant and recessive
o Hetero/homo-zygous
o Alleles
o Punnett squares
o Mono/di-hybrid




o Law of segregation and Independent Assortment
o Use of probability
Co-dominance
Incomplete Dominance
Multiple Alleles/Blood Type
Polygenetic traits/multifactorial traits
The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance-Chapter 15








Chromosome theory of inheritance
Sex linked
SRY
Linked genes
Linkage Map Units
Nondisjunction
How do Deletion, duplication, inversion and translocation effect inheritance
Mitochondrial Inheritance
The Molecular Basis of Inheritance-Chapter 16



Structure of the DNA molecule
o Nucleotides
o Bases
o Bonds
o Backbone
o Purines
o Pyrimidines
o Double helix
o Antiparallel
o Chargaff’s rules
DNA Replication
o Origins of replication
o Leading lagging strands
o RNA primer
o Helicase
o SSBP
o Topoisomerase
o DNA polymerase
o DNA ligase
o Semi-conservative
o Telomeres/telomerase
DNA Structure
o Chromatin
o Chromosome
o Histones charges and reason tightly binds to DNA
o Nucleosomes
o Looped domains
o 30 nm fiber
o Double helix
o Hetero/eu-chromatin
From Gene to Protein-Chapter 17



Central Dogma
RNA vs DNA
Explain transcription
o Tata box, Promoter, RNA polymerase, transcription unit, RNA







o Initiation, elongation, termination
Explain RNA processing
o End caps
o Introns/exons
o Spliceosomes/snurps
Ribozyme
Alternative splicing
Explain translation
o Codon/anticodon
o Charged/uncharged tRNA
o initiation, elongation, termination
o APE sites of ribosome
o Wobble
o Polyribosome
Post-translation modifications
Mutations
o Point
o Frameshift
o Nonsense
o Missense
o Silent
o Causes
Differences between bacterial and eukaryotic gene expression
Regulation of Gene Expression-Chapter 18












Operons
o Negative inhibition/positive
o Promoter
o Repressor
o Operator
o Gene
o Regulatory gene
o Inducible/repressible
o Inducer
o Trp vs lac operons
CAP (catabolic Activator Protein)/cAMP, glucose relationship
Differential gene expression
Role of histone modification/DNA methylation on eukaryotic gene expression
Explain how enhancers and activator interact with transcription factors to affect gene expression
Describe how proteins can be activated, processed and degraded.
Describe the proteasomes action and role in gene expression
Describe microRNA/siRNA and their role in gene expression
3 processes that lead to transformation of a zygote to an organism
Cell differentiation cause
Differential gene expression results from different activitors-cyctoplasmic determinants and inductive
signals
Homeotic genes
Viruses-Chapter 19






Characteristics of viruses
Structure of viruses
Obligate parasites
Lytic cycle
Lysogenic cycle
Prophage/provirus








Types of genetic material
o DNA
o RNA retrovirus, reverse transcriptase
Restriction enzymes
How do virus cause illness/prevention
How do viruses emerge
Horizontal /vertical transmission
Plant viral spread
Viroid
Prion