Download History of the Theory Notes (15.1)

History or the Theory (15.1)
State Standard
SB3C. Examine the evolutionary basis of
modern classification systems.
Chapter 15
Evolution
15.1 Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection
Before Darwin
 Aristotle – 385-322 BC
 Revered Greek philosopher & scientist
 Believed organisms were created in a
permanent form that could not change over
time
 His ideas were highly influential for centuries
Chapter 15
Evolution
15.1 Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection
Before Darwin
 Jean Baptiste de LaMarck – 1800s
 French naturalist
 Believed inheritance of acquired traits were the
driving force of evolution.
 Believed traits were acquired through use and
disuse.
 Ex: A giraffe had to stretch its neck in order to
reach food – so the neck got longer during the
giraffe’s lifetime and was passed to the next
generation.
Chapter 15
Evolution
15.1 Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection
Before Darwin
 Geologists were discovering ancient bones,
shells, & fossilized plants in England in the
1800s.
 These items were being found in hillsides &
riverbeds & gave new clues about diversity of
organisms.
Chapter 15
Evolution
15.1 Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection
Other Names Who Influenced Darwin
 James Hutton & Charles Lyell – Gradualism
Earth had changed over very long
periods of time.
 Thomas Malthus – Struggle for survival
Populations outgrew resources & had to
compete.
Chapter 15
Evolution
15.1 Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection
Darwin’s Voyage
 In 1831, Darwin set sail on the HMS Beagle
 Darwin’s role on the ship was as naturalist
and companion to the captain.
 His job was to collect biological and
geological specimens during the ship’s travel.
Chapter 15
Evolution
15.1 Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection
The Galápagos Islands
 Off the west coast of South America
 Each island had a unique climate &
geographical features.
 Darwin began to collect mockingbirds, finches,
and other animals on the four islands.
 He noticed that the different islands seemed
to have their own, slightly different varieties
of animals.
Chapter 15
Evolution
15.1 Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection
The Galapagos Islands – cont’d
 Darwin theorized that the island populations
came from the same ancestral populations on
the mainland.
 Populations from the mainland changed after
reaching the Galápagos.
Chapter 15
Evolution
15.1 Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection
Concepts That Emerged from Darwin’s Work…
 ADAPTATIONS – inherited traits that may give
an individual survival & reproductive
advantages over other individuals.
 Darwin hypothesized that new species could
appear gradually through small changes in
ancestral species.
 Darwin inferred that if humans could change
species by artificial selection, then perhaps the
same process could work in nature (natural
selection).
Chapter 15
Evolution
15.1 Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection
Concepts That Emerged from Darwin’s Work…
cont’d
 REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION – populations
that get geographically separated may give rise
to adaptations specifically suited to each
environment.
Chapter 15
Evolution
15.1 Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection
Principles of Natural Selection
 Individuals in a population show variations.
 Variations can be inherited.
 Organisms have more offspring than can survive
on available resources (overproduction).
 Variations that increase reproductive success will
have a greater chance of being passed on.
Chapter 15
Evolution
15.1 Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection
Darwin & Wallace
 Darwin published On the Origin of Species by
Means of Natural Selection in 1859.
 Natural Selection was a means of explaining
how evolution works.
 Wallace also studied & wrote about evolution,
emphasizing competition of resources, while
Darwin focused on reproductive success.
 Darwin’s amount of data & thorough
explanations caused his theories to be become
dominant.
Chapter 15
Evolution
Chapter Diagnostic
Questions
Which is not a principle of Darwin’s theory about
the origin of species?
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D
A
B
C
D
C
1.
2.
3.
4.
B
0%
A
A. Individuals show
variations.
B. Variations can
be inherited.
C. Organisms have more
offspring than available
resources will support.
D. Offspring always inherit
the best traits.
Chapter 15
Evolution
15.1 Formative
Questions
Which was Charles Darwin’s only qualification
for his position as naturalist on the Beagle?
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C
A
B
C
D
B
A
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1.
2.
3.
4.
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D
A. a degree in theology
B. an interest in science
C. a knowledge of biology
D. an understanding of
geology
Chapter 15
Evolution
15.1 Formative
Questions
What was Darwin’s term for selective breeding?
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C
A
B
C
D
B
A
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1.
2.
3.
4.
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D
A. evolution
B. speciation
C. artificial selection
D. natural selection
Chapter 15
Evolution
15.1 Formative
Questions
What did Darwin infer from his observations of
artificial selection?
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D
A
B
C
D
C
A
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1.
2.
3.
4.
B
A. Animal breeders could
create new species.
B. A similar process could
work in nature.
C. Reproductive success
could be increased.
D. Variation in a species
could be produced.
Chapter 15
Evolution
15.1 Formative
Questions
What is the relationship between the terms
natural selection and evolution?
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C
A
B
C
D
B
A
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2.
3.
4.
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D
A. They mean the same thing.
B. Evolution works against
natural selection.
C. Evolution explains how
natural selection works.
D. Natural selection explains
how evolution works.
Chapter 15
Evolution
Standardized Test
Practice
Which explains why the tortoises on the different
islands of the Galápagos had slightly different
variations in their shells?
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0%
D
0%
B
0%
A
B
C
D
C
1.
2.
3.
4.
A
A. The different tortoises were
different species.
B. The environment on each
island was different.
C. Each type of tortoise could
survive only on its own island.
D. They arrived on the islands
from different continents.