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Cell Unit (Structures) Test - Study Guide 1. Important discoveries/scientists leading to the cell theory a. 1665: Robert Hooke - discovers cells after observing a thin piece of cork under a microscope b. 1838: Matthias Schleiden – discovers that all plant tissue is made up of cells c. 1839: Theodor Schwann – shows that all animal tissue is made up of cells d. 1858: Rudolf Virchow determines that all cells come from existing cells 2. Cell Theory – a. All organisms are made of one or more cells b. Cells are the basic building block of living things c. Cell are made from other cells 3. Levels of organization… Cells => tissue => organs => organ systems => organisms 4. Procedure or making a wet mount slide Add 1-2 drops of water then lower the slip cover at a 45◦ angle (to avoid air bubbles) 5. Cell organelles and their functions a. Mitochondria – site of cellular respiration, where glucose is converted to energy (ATP) b. Chloroplasts (contain chlorophyll) – site of photosynthesis, where the sun’s energy is converted to glucose and oxygen c. Nucleus – control center in eukaryotic cells, contains DNA and controls most cell processes including growth, reproduction and metabolism. i. Nuclear membrane – membrane surrounding the nucleus ii. Nucleolus – (in the nucleus) produces ribosomes iii. Chromosomes – rod-like compressed form of DNA (in the nucleus) stores genetic info, passes traits to new cells d. Ribosomes – small grain-like organelles in which amino acids are hooked together to make proteins e. Cytoplasm –clear, jelly-like solution (mostly water) that allows organelles to move around within cell f. Cell membrane – allows materials to pass in & out of cell g. Cell wall – surrounds the cell membrane of plant cells (only) to provide structure to plant cells. Cell walls are NOT found in animal cells h. Endoplasmic reticulum – organelles that transports material throughout the cell i. Lysosome – the organelle that digests food particles, waste, cell parts, and foreign invaders contains digestive enzymes (waste disposal) j. Golgi complex – the organelle that processes and transports proteins and other materials out of the cell k. Vacuole – stores water and other materials in the cell Other organelle notes: a) Two organelles found in plant cells but not in animal cells include chloroplasts & cell walls b) Cells that require more energy, such as muscle cells, will have more mitochondria because this organelle is the site of cellular respiration where ATP (energy) is created c) A human body cell contains 23 pairs of chromosomes (46 total) 6. DNA - deoxyribonucleic acid, a molecule that is present in all living things and that contains information that determines the traits that all living things inherit and needs to live 7. Organisms need food (energy) to survive: a) Producer – an organism that can make its own food by using energy from its surroundings (mostly the sun’s energy) b) Consumer – an organism that eats other organisms or organic matter c) Decomposer – an organism that gets energy by breaking down the remains of dead organisms or animal waste and consuming or absorbing the nutrients d) Herbivore – an organism that eats only plants e) Carnivore – an organism that eats animals f) Omnivore – an organism that eats both plants and animals 8. The function of channel protein in cell membranes is to allow certain substances to enter and leave the cell 9. Metabolism - the sum of all chemical processes that occur in an organism 10. Multicellular - organism composed of many cells that are specialized to do certain tasks 11. Single-celled or unicellular – organisms that consist of only one cell 12. Homeostasis - an organism’s ability to maintain a stable internal condition (i.e. humans maintain a body temp of about 98.6°F) 13. The four necessities of all living things include: i. Food ii. Water iii. Air iv. Shelter (a place to live) 14. Characteristics of all living things include: i. Living things have one or more cells ii. Living things have DNA iii. Living things sense & respond to stimuli iv. Living things grow & develop v. Living things reproduce vi. Living things use energy (metabolize) 15. Asexual reproduction - one parent 18. Sexual Reproduction - two parents Also review unit one - Experimental Design components… i. Identify independent and dependent variables so that you can create… ii. Experimental Design Diagrams w/ Titles and Hypotheses iii. IV Levels iv. Determine number of experimental trials v. Recognize constants and controls (if applicable)