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Chapter 27: Human Genetics Vocabulary: Amniocentesis XChromosome YChromosome Sex Chromosome Autosome incomplete dominance Sicklecell Anemia color blindness dyslexia pedigree I The role of Chromosomes A The genes that control our traits are found on chromosomes B Chromosome number 1 Each human sex cell has 23 chromosomes 2 Each human body cell has 46 chromosomes in 23 pairs 3 Different organisms have different chromosome numbers C Amniocentesis is a way to study the chromosomes of a fetus D Karyotype is the arrangement of chromosomes for study 1 Males have 22 autosome pairs + XY 2 Females have 22 autosome pairs + XX E Autosome determine traits other than sex F Sex chromosomes determine sex: X is the female sex chromosome and Y is the male chreomosome 1 XX will be female, XY will be male 2 Chances of male or female offspring can be predicted by using a Punnett Square 1 II Human Traits A Dominant traits: only 1 gene from either parent is needed for a dominant trait to show up. ex. free earlobes, dimples, curly hair. B Recessive traits: Two genes, one from each parent is needed for a recessive trait to show up. ex. attached earlobes, no dimples, straight hair. C Incomplete dominance: A case in which neither gene completely dominates the other. 1 With incomplete dominance a heterozygous individual shows a trait that is a blend between dominant and recessive. 2 An example is the snapdragon plant. Neither red nor white flower genes dominate. The offspring of a red flower plant and white flower plant will be pink 3 Sicklecell is a condition where the shape of red blood cells are not round but sickle shape 1 The gene for normal cell shape is R and the gene for sickle shape is R'. Neither is dominant. 2 RR is normal, R'R' is sicklecell anemia, and RR' has both types of cells 3 People with sickle cell anemia (R'R') have serious health problems because their blood cells don't carry enough oxygen. 4 Sickle cell anemia is more common in African Americans than in other races. 5 People with the sickle cell trait RR' usually don't have serious health problems, but may tire easily D Blood types 1 There are three genes that determine blood type and each person has two of those genes. 2 A gene, B gene, and O gene. The A gene and B gene are dominant to the O gene 3 Blood type genotype A AA, AO B BB, BO AB AB O OO E Genes on the X chromosome 1 X chromosome has more genes than the Y chromosome 2 Color vision is a gene on the X chromosome but not on the Y 3 C normal color vision is dominant to c colorblindness 4 CC normal vision female Cc normal vision female who carries the gene cc colorblind female CY normal vision male cY colorblind male 5 Males inherit the gene for color vision from their mother only. Females inherit a gene from both their mother and father. 2 III Genetic Disorders: Diseases that are inherited A Errors in Chromosome number 1 Occurs when sperm or egg do not have the proper 23 chromosomes 2 This occurs during meiosis when chromatids fail to split properly 3 examples: a XXY Klinefelter's syndrome b XO Turner's syndrome c Chromosome 21 xxx Down syndrome B Sex chromosome disorders 1 Hemophilia is a disorder where blood doesn't clot. The is inherited on the X chromosome and affects males more than females C Autosome disorder (mistake on the autosome) 1 dyslexia 2 PKU 3 Cystic fibrosis D Genetic counseling use of genetics to predict and explain a child's traits 3 4