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FAQs Q.1 What is a friar, monastery and an abbey? Ans: A friar, from the Latin “frater” meaning brother, is a priest or a brother member of a religious community of men who live in a friary and belong to the tradition of religious orders of friars within the church (from ww.vocations.ca). The word friar is to be carefully distinguished in its application from the word monk. For the monk retirement and solitude are undisturbed by the public ministry, unless under exceptional circumstances. A monastery is the home of the community of vowed men or women who live according to the monastic tradition of the church (from ww.vocations.ca). An abbey is a monastery (a community of monks) under the leadership of an abbot or abbess. Mendel’s abbey was an exception in that it was a community of friars under the leadership of an abbot. Q.2 Who was G.J. Mendel? Ans: Gregor Johann Mendel was an Augustinian priest and scientist, who gained posthumous fame as the figurehead of the new science of Genetics for his study of the inheritance of certain traits in pea plants. Mendel showed that the inheritance of these traits follow particular laws, which were later named after him. Q.3 Why did Mendel use pea as material in his experiments? Ans: Because he did a lot of research and found that peas most readily demonstrated the genetic factors he wished to show. Q.4 Ans: Q.5 Ans: Q.6 Ans: Q.7 Ans: Q.8 What does “Mendelian inheritance” mean? "Mendelian inheritance" refers to the transmission of inherited characters from generation to generation through genes. It is named after Gregor Mendel, an Austrian monk who determined the basic principles of inheritance in the latter half of the 19th century, and who is considered the "Father of Genetics." Mendel's research led to the founding of basic principles of heredity now known as "Mendel's laws of inheritance." Which are the two rules of Mendel’s heredity? i) The rule of unit factors, according to which each trait is controlled by an independent factor as a unit. ii) The rule of dominance, according to which one member of a pair of allelic genes expresses over the other member. How does a dominant trait differ from a recessive trait? A dominant trait is one that is expressed whenever present, either as a homozygous genotype (e.g. TT) or a heterozygous one (e.g. Tt). In other words, dominance means that a heterozygote, carrying only one copy of the dominant allele, will display the dominant phenotype. In contrast, recessive trait always results from a homozygous recessive genotype (e.g. tt). Recessive traits seem to be more common in a population than dominant traits. Which law of Mendel is true in all cases? Law of segregation. What is meant by the term “true breeding”? Ans: Q.9 Ans: Q.10 Ans: Q.11 Ans: Q.12 Ans: Q.13 Ans: Individuals, which when bred to others of the same genotype, produce only offspring of that genotype, are called true breeding. In other words, homozygous individuals (TT, tt) are true breeding when bred among themselves, while heterozygotes (Tt) are not. What is hybridization? In Genetics, hybridization is the process of mixing different species or varieties of organisms. Gregor Mendel used artificial cross-pollination to hybridize the pea plants in his experiments. How did Mendel cross the plants? Cross-pollination—taking the pollen from the stamen of one parent plant, and brushing it on the pistil of the other plant with contrasting trait. What is the difference between phenotype and genotype? Phenotype is the "outward, physical manifestation" of the organism, while genotype is the "internally coded, inheritable information" carried by all living organisms. What is meant by homozygous and heterozygous? Since each diploid organism has two alleles for every gene, the alleles can be alike (homozygous) or different (heterozygous). These terms are derived from the Greek terms homos, meaning "same," and heteros, meaning "different," plus the Greek suffix zygotos, meaning "yoked together." How is allele related to a gene? Alleles are variations of genes. Genes contain information about specific characteristic and can either be dominant or recessive. An alternative form of a gene is called allele, lead to the alternative form of a trait. Alleles are a way of identifying the two members of a gene pair which produce opposite contrasting phenotypes. Q.14 How are genes inherited? Ans: Genes are usually inherited in pairs one from the mother and one from the father. Q.15 What is a monohybrid cross? Ans: A monohybrid cross is a breeding experiment between P generation (parental generation) organisms that differ in one trait. Q.16 What is the difference between test cross and back cross? Ans: Back cross is the cross between progeny in F1 generation with any of its parents. However, test cross is the cross between progeny in F1 generation with its recessive parent.