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By: Rachel and Justin
http://gleesonbiology.pbworks.com/w/page/7537902/M4
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RNA is copied from DNA through transcription – a
process by which the double helix strand is
unwound, then copied onto a strand of RNA
http://hyperphysics.phyastr.gsu.edu/hbase/organic/transcription.html
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That mRNA then travels
outside of the nucleus
and into a ribosome
The ribosome is like a
translator to translate the
mRNA into a polypeptide
chain.
tRNA with an amino acid
on one end, and an
anticodon on the other,
enters the ribosome, and
matches with the mRNA,
copied from the DNA.
As the anticodons and
codons match up, the
amino acids break away
in a polypeptide chain.
http://www.biologycorner.com/bio2/gene
tics/notes_transcription_translation.html
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Enzymes catalyze specific reactions. Each one has an
active site that perfectly fits the substrate that the
enzyme catalyzes the reaction for. Basically Form Fits
Function
http://www.buzzle.com/articles/howdo-enzymes-work.html
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Taq Polymerase is a protein composed of a single polypeptide
chain consisting of 832 amino acids, taken from the
bacterium Thermus Aquaticus, which is thermophilic,
meaning it its optimal temperature is extremely high for
living organisms; about 75-80°.
Bacterium
Thermus
Aquaticus
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taq_polymerase
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thermus_aq
uaticus.JPG
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It has three domains; a 5′
to 3′ nuclease domain
An inactive 3′ to 5′
exonuclease domain
And a 5′ to 3′ polymerase
domain
The inactive exonuclease
domain and the polymerase
domain together are called
the Klentaq fragment.
•http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8717047
•http://sthor.myweb.uga.edu/bcmb8010/report.pdf
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The “palm” section catalyzes the phosphoryl transfer reaction, the
transfer of the phosphoryl group (PO3) from a phosphate ester or
anhydride to a nucleophile
The “fingers” interact with the incoming nucleoside triphosphate and
the template it is being matched to
The “thumb” helps to position the oncoming DNA and enzyme in
order to properly carry out the function
The “wrist” section is basically the nuclease domain
•http://sthor.myweb.uga.edu/bcmb8010/report.pdf
•http://www.els.net/WileyCDA/ElsArticle/refIda0000608.html
Thermus Aquaticus was
unintentionally discovered
by Thomas D. Brock when he
was examining mushroom
samples from Yellowstone
National Park
 Taq polymerase was
discovered in the 1980’s by
Kary Mullis in 1983 when he
was adding DNA polymerase
to various strands of DNA
which greatly increased the
amount of strands presents.
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•http://www.genetics.org/content/146/4/1207.full.pdf
•http://sthor.myweb.uga.edu/bcmb8010/report.pdf
•http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kary_Mullis
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Taq polymerase can withstand temperatures needed to produce the
best effects in this machine, so scientists can run many PCR cycles
automatically.
PCR involves denaturing, annealing and replication steps, usually
repeated 20 to 30 times. Denaturing separates the double-stranded
DNA into single strands. In the annealing step, primers bind to the
segments of DNA to be copied. Taq polymerase goes to work in the
replication step: the polymerase builds each single strand of DNA
marked by a primer into a new, double-stranded DNA segment.
Genetic testing
Infectious disease applications- PCR is used in slow growing
bacteria to allow more DNA to be tested for research
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_of_PCR
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Genetic testing
Infectious disease applicationsPCR is used in slow growing
bacteria to allow more DNA to be
tested for research
Organ transplantation
Tissue typing
Genetic fingerprinting in
forensics
•http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_of_PCR
•http://www.whitcoulls.co.nz/book/organtransplants/5730966/
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Taq Polymerase catalyzes reactions in the nucleus, pertaining to
DNA replication and repairs
Taq polymerase utilizes a DNA polymerase domain to catalyze the
addition of dNTP to the 3′ hydroxyl terminus of an RNA primer and a
5′ nuclease domain to cleave the downstream, single-stranded 5′
nucleotide displaced by the growing upstream strand
http://www.pnas.org/content/102/49/17646.long
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_PRUfJBzu
-A
Better explanation here, trust us.
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Taq polymerase can function at very high temperatures. Sometimes
low temperatures cause this enzyme to denature or not function
properly.
Some bacteria is harmful to the function of this enzyme
Melanin can also affect it
Some types of dye or fabrics also inhibit taq polymerase’s function
http://www.nfstc.org/pdi/Subject03/pdi_s03_m01_02.htm
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Taq Polymerase is used in DNA replication and repairs. It follows the
normal function of all enzymes. Taq Polymerase catalyzes the DNA
reactions. It is used industrially by the PCR, or the Polymerase Chain
Reaction, which is used for genetic testing, fingerprint testing, organ
testing, and infection diagnosing. Overall, this enzyme is very useful
and helpful in today’s world.