Download peran serta masyarakat dalam plh

Cakupan Isi Tugas Kelompok 1.
Enzyme : Introduction
a. Fungsional properties
b. Enzyme Nomenclatur
c. Enzyme Specificity
d. Enzyme Regulation
e. Activation Energy
Struktur Enzim
+
M
Aktivator
ion logam
Protein
Molekul
organik
Tempat
aktif
Apoenzim
Substrat
Coenzim
Apoenzyme + Coenzyme = Holoenzyme
Bagian protein
(tidak aktif)
Grup prostetik
(tidak aktif)
Enzim lengkap
(aktif)
 Apoenzyme
the protein part of the enzyme molecule
– Struktur protein enzim sangat kompleks dan
berfungsi menyediakan lingkungan untuk
kelangsungan reaksi dengan mekanisme tertentu
– Fungsi lain adalah sebagai tempat patron
(template) substrat, dan karenanya protein enzim
berfungsi mengenal substrat yang
dipertimbangkan menjadi dasar spesifitas enzim
 Cofactor
the additional chemical groups appearing in those
enzymes that are conjugated proteins.
Cofactor
These cofactors are required for enzyme activity
and may consist of metal ions or complex organic
molecules. Some enzymes require both types of
cofactors.
Cofactors ( bukan protein) can be divided into
three groups
a. yg terikat kuat pd
protein - Prosthetic group
-b. yg mudah dipisahkan)
- coenzyme ( berupa bhn organik)
- Metal Activators
 Prosthetic group
– In the enzyme molecule, the cofactor may be weakly
attached to the apoenzyme, or it may be tightly
bound to the protein. If it is tightly bound, the
cofactor is called a prosthetic group
– Example: bagian porphyrin (moiety) dari
hemoprotein peroxidase dan flavin-adenine
dinucleotide dalam succinic dehydrogenase
 Coenzyme
– When the cofactor of an enzyme is a complex
organic molecule other than a protein, the cofactor
is called a coenzyme
– Example: NAD+, NADP+, tetrahydrofolic acid dan
thyamin pyrophosphate
 Activator
– When the cofactor of an enzyme is a metal ion,
such as the ions of magnesium, zinc, ion or
manganese), the cofactor is called an activator
– Examples: K+, Mn+2, Mg+2, Ca+2 dan Zn+2
Isoenzyme
– Enzymes that perform the same catalytic
function in different body tissues or different
organisms, but which have different sequences
of amino acids in various portions of their
polypeptide chain are called isoenzymes.
Isoenzymes can be separated from one another
by electrophoresis.
Enzyme classes .
A system of classification has
been developed that takes into account both
their reaction specificity and their substrate
specificity. Each enzyme is entered in the Enzyme
Catalogue with a four-digit Enzyme
Commission number (EC number). The first
digit indicates membership of one of the six
major classes. The next two indicate subclasses
and subsubclasses. The last digit indicates
where the enzyme belongs in the subsubclass.
Enzymes with similar reaction specificities
are grouped into each of the sixmajor classes
1. The oxidoreductases (class 1) catalyze the
transfer of reducing equivalents from one redox
system to another.
2.The transferases (class 2) catalyze the transfer of
other groups from one molecul to another.
. Oxidoreductases and transferases generally require
coenzymes (see pp.104ff.).
3. The hydrolases (class 3) are also involved in group
transfer, but the acceptor is always water molecule.
4. Lyases (class 4, often also referred to
as“synthases”) catalyze reactions involving eitherthe
cleavage or formation of chemical bonds, with double
bonds either arising of disappearing.
5. The isomerases (class 5) move groups within a
molecule, without changing the gross composition of
the substrate.
6. The ligation reactions catalyzed by ligases
(“synthetases,” class 6) are energy-dependent and are
therefore always coupled to the hydrolysis of
nucleoside triphosphates.
For example,
lactate dehydrogenase
(see pp. 98–101) has the EC number 1.1.1.27
(class 1, oxidoreductases; subclass 1.1, CH–OH
group as electron donor; sub-subclass 1.1.1,
NAD(P)+ as electron acceptor).
ENZIM dan Kinerjanya, dipengaruhi :
1. Konsentrasi Enzim
2. Konsentrasi Substrat ----- Michaelis Menten
----- Lineweaver Burk
3. Suhu
4. pH
5. Inhibitor
a. Hambatan Ireversibel
b. Hambatan Reversibel – b.1. hambatan bersaing
b.2. Hambatan tidak bersaing
c. Hambatan Alosterik
6. Kovaktor a. gugus Prosterik, b. koenzim, c. Aktivator
7. Vitamin vs Enzim
Summary