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DNA and RNA Biology Ch. 12 The Structure of DNA • Nucleotides are the monomeric units that make up DNA 3 main parts: 5 carbon sugar— deoxyribose Phosphate group Nitrogenous base The Structure of DNA • There are four kinds of bases in in DNA: • • • • adenine guanine cytosine thymine Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Structure of DNA • The backbone of a DNA chain is formed by sugar and phosphate groups of each nucleotide. • The nucleotides can be joined together in any order. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Structure of DNA • Chargaff's Rules – Erwin Chargaff discovered that: • The percentages of guanine [G] and cytosine [C] bases are almost equal in any sample of DNA. • The percentages of adenine [A] and thymine [T] bases are almost equal in any sample of DNA. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall • X-Ray Evidence – Rosalind Franklin used X-ray diffraction to get information about the structure of DNA. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall http://www.chem-is-try.org/wpcontent/uploads/2009/03/rosalind-franklin.jpg The Structure of DNA The Structure of DNA • Using clues from Franklin’s pattern, James Watson and Francis Crick built a model that explained how DNA carried information and could be copied. http://history.nih.gov/exhibits/nirenberg/images/photos/03_watCrk_pu.jpg Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Structure of DNA • Watson and Crick's model of DNA was a double helix, in which two strands were wound around each other. http://gregortimlin.files.wordpress.com/2009/05/watsonjames-crickfrancis.jpg The Structure of DNA Double Helix Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Structure of DNA • Watson and Crick discovered that hydrogen bonds can form only between certain base pairs— adenine and thymine, and guanine and cytosine. • This principle is called base pairing. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall DNA Structure Avery and other scientists discovered that a) DNA is found in a protein coat. b) DNA stores and transmits genetic information from one generation to the next. c) transformation does not affect bacteria. d) proteins transmit genetic information from one generation to the next. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Hershey-Chase experiment was based on the fact that a) DNA has both sulfur and phosphorus in its structure. b) protein has both sulfur and phosphorus in its structure. c) both DNA and protein have no phosphorus or sulfur in their structure. d) DNA has phosphorus, while protein has sulfur in its structure. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall DNA is a long molecule made of monomers called a) b) c) d) nucleotides. purines. pyrimidines. sugars. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Chargaff's rules state that the number of guanine nucleotides must equal the number of • • • • cytosine nucleotides. adenine nucleotides. thymine nucleotides. thymine plus adenine nucleotides. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall In DNA, the following base pairs occur: a) b) c) d) A with C, and G with T. A with T, and C with G. A with G, and C with T. A with T, and C with T. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall