Download Gel Electrophoresis

______ Technology
& ______ Technology
How DNA is Analyzed and
used in today’s world?
DNA ____________ Uses
 Since
discovery of DNA in 1953,
scientists have _______ the structure
of DNA.
 DNA _____________ - test to identify
& evaluate the _________ information
in living cells.
 DNA analysis used for:
– ________, forensics, ________, genetics,
paternity.
The ______ Step

Stage 1:
Cells are _______ down
to __________ DNA
– If only a small amount
of DNA available, it can
be _________ or
duplicated using the
_____________ ______
__________ (PCR)
– ______ - Makes copies
of ______ fragments of
DNA to work with.
Stage ___

The ______is cut into ________ using
__________ enzymes.
Each restriction enzyme cuts DNA at a _______ base
sequence for all __________.
 The
______ of DNA that are cut out
are called _________ ________.
 This
yields _________ of restriction
fragments of all different _______
because the base sequences being
cut may be far apart (_____
fragment) or close together (______
fragment).
Stages of DNA Profiling
Stage ____:
 Fragments are _______ by
size using process called
__________________.
 DNA fragments ______ into
wells and _______ current
is applied along gel.
 A _________ material is
added which combines with
the DNA fragments to
produce a _________
image.
 A ________ copy of the
DNA _____ is obtained.
_________________



DNA is __________
charged so it is
_________ to the
_______ end of the
gel.
DNA is _______ on
basis of ______.
The ________ DNA
fragments move
_______than the
______ fragments.
Stages of DNA Profiling
Stage ___:
– ________ or _____ are
formed in the gel from
_______ and ______
fragments.
– _______ are _______
to each ________ and
can be used to prove or
disprove _________,
guilt or innocence of a
______, determining
__________ history,
etc
Fluorescent photographic
image.
________ materials used for DNA
profiling






_______
Hair
_______
Semen
Body ________ cells
DNA samples have been
obtained from vaginal
cells transferred to the
outside of a condom
during sexual
intercourse.
______ of DNA Profiling
 DNA
profiling is used to solve ______
& _______ issues

_________
– DNA profile of each individual is highly specific
and is used in _______ science to solve crimes.
 Chances
of two people having exactly the same DNA
profile is __________ million to 1 (except for identical
twins).
– If a DNA profile ________ a suspect it provides
strong evidence that the suspect was present at
the crime scene (NB:it does ____ prove they
committed the crime).
– If the profile _______ match the suspect then
that suspect may be eliminated from the
enquiry.
Whose
going to
the
slammer?
Solving _______ Issues
DNA profiles can be used to determine whether
a particular person is the parent of a child.
Paternity (father) and maternity(mother).
This information can be used in
• ____________ cases
• ___________ cases
• ___________________suits
– By comparing the DNA profile of a mother
and her child it is possible to identify DNA
fragments in the child which are absent
from the mother and must therefore have
been inherited from the biological father.
Whose the Daddy?
_________ Uses of DNA
Technology
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Pharmaceuticals
Genetically engineered _________
Increasing _______
Crops that don’t need ________
Genetically engineered _______
__________
Genetically Modified
Organisms
_____________ DNA


Genetic _________
-process of reading
and _________ DNA
sequences in an
organism.
Reading the Genetic
Code
– DNA extraction
– Cutting and Labeling
DNA
– Separating DNA
– Reading the DNA
sequence
– Making Copies (PCR –
polymerase chain
reaction)
_________ Organisms - organism that
contains ______ from other organisms
Transgenic
__________
Transgenic
________
__________
animals
Produce
clotting factors
________
HGH
Stronger plants More
production
More
production
______
resistance
____________ Animal Cells






Can be transformed similar
to plants.
Some eggs are large
enough to ________ inject
new DNA by hand, Which
can “Knock Out” a gene
_________ organisms
contain genes from other
organisms.
Making onions _____ using
jellyfish DNA.
Using ________ to make
human ________.
Using genetic modification
to _________ food supply
known as GM foods.
______ – creating an ______ copy
 member
of a population of
genetically identical organisms
produced from a single cell
First cloned __________

Frogs were first cloned in the ______
“______” was first cloned mammals.
– July 5, 1996 - February 14, 2003

_____ was first cloned Pet
– CC, for "CopyCat" or "Carbon Copy"[1]
(born December 22, 2001), is a brown
& white domestic short haired tabby.
 Born at the College of Veterinary
Medicine at __________.
 Embryo that became CC was the
only one of ____ embryos produced
that developed into a full-term
pregnancy after being transferred
to surrogate mothers.
Human ________ Project


1.
1990-2006
2 ______:
Determine the
nucleotide
________ of entire
human genome
1. __ billion nucleotide
pairs, ______ genes
2.
______ location of
every _____ on
each chromosome
________
Compare human genome with other
________ to give information on:
1. ____________ of genome
2. How gene expression ________
3. ________ of cell growth and
differentiation.
4. How __________ occurs