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Genetics Vocabulary 1) trait specific characteristic that varies from one individual to the next (example: height of pea plant) 2) hybrids – the offspring of crosses between parents with contrasting traits (example: coloration in chicken & rooster feathers. 3) gene – sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and therefore determines traits in an organism 4) alleles – contrasting forms of a gene -one of a number of different forms of a gene example: an allele for TALL (T) plant height & an allele for SHORT (t) plant height 5) Genetics– The study of heredity 6) homozygous – organisms that have two identical alleles for a trait (example: Two genes for TALL) TT 7) heterozygous – organisms that have two different alleles for a trait (example: One Short & one TALL) Tt 8) probability the likelihood that a particular event will occur. • Example #1 – The probability that a coin will land heads or tails is 50:50 for each toss. Example #2: The probability that a cross between pure bred (true-breeding) TALL and pure bred SHORT plants will result in TALL offspring is 100%. 9) Punnett square – a diagram used in genetics to determine probable outcomes of specific crosses, or gene combination. Modern Biology Textbook (Holt) 10) genotype – an organism’s genetic makeup (alleles present for any traits) Tt 11) phenotype – • physical expression of alleles 12) Heredity – transmission of traits from parents to offspring 13) self pollination – fertilization of an egg cell from pollen of the same plant 14) cross pollination – fertilization of an egg cell from pollen of a different plant 15) dominant – an allele that masks the presence of another. 16) recessive – an allele whose presence is masked by another.