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GENETICS Gregor Mendel “Father of Genetics” 1822 - 1884 Mendel History • Austrian Monk • In 1856, 1st started researching inheritance of traits • Studied pea plants • Laws of Heredity Mendel’s 7 traits studied Pure Breeding Purple & White Flowers 1st Generation (F1) 2nd Generation (F2) Mendel crossed a purple flower with a white flower. Mendel crossed 2 F1 purple flowers. Result: 4 purple flowers Result: 3 purple flowers and 1 white flower (3:1 ratio) Mendel’s Conclusions • Organisms inherit 2 copies of each gene • One from each parent • Variations in traits caused by alternative versions of genes called alleles. • Expression of trait • Dominant alleles trumps recessive alleles Genetic Vocabulary • Genetics - study of heredity • Heredity - passing of traits from parent to child • Gene – piece of DNA that provides set of instructions to make certain proteins – Located on chromosome – Inherited from mom and dad – Come in different versions called alleles • Example: Flower color White allele or Purple allele • Example: Rolling Tongue Can roll tongue or Can’t Phenotype – appearance/expression of a trait Genotype – genetic makeup of a specific set of genes, made up of alleles Dominant allele – CAPTIAL LETTER (R) Recessive allele – lower case letter (r) Genotype Phenotype TYPES OF GENOTYPES HOMOZYGOUS DOMINANT HETEROZYGOUS HOMOZYGOUS RECESSIVE Genetics Vocabulary Review Choices: 1) YY 2) Tall 3) Yy 4) SS 5) yY 6) gg 7) Smooth 8) Green 9) TT 10) Dwarf Which choice(s) are examples of: Genotypes? 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9 Phenotypes? 2, 7, 8, 10 Homozygous genotypes? 1, 4, 6, 9 Heterozygous genotypes? 3, 5 Homozygous recessive genotypes? 6 Homozygous dominant genotypes? 1, 4, 9 Autosomal Inheritance • Autosome: Non-sex chromosome • Autosomal disorders are caused by genes found on the non-sex chromosomes – ex: Sickle cell = chromosome #11 – ex: Cystic fibrosis = chromosome #7 • Usually recessive – Must inherit two copies to be sick Attached earlobes is a homozygous recessive trait (ee). Cross a person who is homozygous dominant (no attached earlobes, EE) with a person who has attached earlobes. Probability offspring will have attached earlobes? 0% Probability offspring will be homozygous dominant? 0% Probabilitiy offspring will be heterozygous? 100% Maria is a heterozygous healthy (Hh) female and Jeff suffers from recessive cystic fibrosis (hh). Key H = healthy h = cystic fibrosis Probability of having a healthy 50% child? _________ Probability of having a homozygous 0% dominant child? ________ Kobe Kuiz 1) How are dominant alleles expressed? Recessive? 2) Which of the following are genotypes? Phenotypes? TT Green yY Pp Purple gg Smooth 3) Which of the following are heterozygous genotypes? TT Green yY Pp Purple gg Smooth 4) Genes may often be found in two forms (dominant and recessive). What are these alternate forms of a gene called? 5) Genes are segments of DNA found on _______________. 6) If item A is found in a 2:1 ratio compared to item B, what percentage is item A? 7) If item A is found in a 4:1 ratio compared to item B, what percentage is item A? 8) George & Martha are planning a family. Each has a family history of autosomal recessive disorder and they agree to have their blood tested. George is found to be heterozygous healthy and Martha is found to be homozygous dominant healthy. What are the chances they have a healthy child? Homozygous dominant child? Heterozygous child? Homozygous recessive child?