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Biology BioACTS (1/30/17): Journal Question: Your answer What is the END IQIA RESULT of cell division Please include (mitosis + the date! cytokinesis)???? Vocabulary Builder: Diagram (draw AND label) a chromosome G2 of Interphase 1 Biology BioACTS Follow-UP: JQ—two identical daughter cells with exactly the same number of chromosomes VB—a chromosome, condensed chromatin, consists of two identical sister chromatids held together at the centromere. 2 Biology BioACTS (1/31/17): Journal Question: Your answer So…why are you IQIA; include the different than your date parents???? Vocabulary Builder: Diploid verses Haploid Venn Diagram (Use vocabulary 3 Biology BioACTS Follow-UP: JQ—there is a process in the formation of gametes (sex cells) in which the genetic information from the parents is reshuffled so that resulting children are unique. VB—Haploid: One set of chromosomes per cell (1N); Diploid: Two sets of chromosomes per cell (2N); SAME— chromosome number in cells. 4 Biology BioACTS (2/01/17): Journal Question: Your answer A fruit fly cell is diploid (2N) = 8; how many chromosomes would its sex cells have???? Venn Diagram Vocabulary Builder: (use vocabulary Tetrad verses CARDS) homologous 5 Biology BioACTS Follow-UP: JQ—8 / 2 = 4 chromosomes in haploid fruit fly sex cells. VB— Tetrad: Four chromatids (formed by homologous chromosomes in Prophase I). Homologous: Chromosomes of the same size, shape, and traits, one from each parent. Same—both are about homologous chromosomes! 6 Biology BioACTS (2/02/17): Journal Question: IQIA answer A panda bear egg cell (n = 21) is fertilized by a sperm cell (n = 21): how many chromosomes would their be in the resulting cell after fertilization? Vocabulary Builder: Genetics verses meiosis Venn Diagram (use your vocabulary CARDS) 7 Biology BioACTS Follow-UP: JQ—21 X 2 = 42 chromosomes in the diploid cell of panda bears. VB— Genetics: The scientific study of heredity. Meiosis: Process by which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell. Same—genetic information to form life. 8 Biology BioACTS (2/03/17): Journal Question: How are mitosis and meiosis similar? How are mitosis and meiosis different? Vocabulary Builder: Pick one of the eight ‘Word Wall’ terms IQIA. Please put today’s date! Vocabulary BOX! 9 Biology Journal Question follow up: Meiosis—results in 4 genetically unique gametes (1N) with half the chromosomes as the parent cell. Mitosis—results in 2 genetically identical body cells (2N) with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell. SAME—PMAT; chromosomes; spindle; centrioles. 10 Biology BioACTS (2/06/17): Journal QuestionS! SNOW DAY Vocabulary Builder: Venn Diagram (use your vocabulary CARDS) 11 Biology BioACTS (2/07/17): Journal QuestionS! How many homologous chromosomes sets are there? 2. What do the bb/BB; ee/EE stand for? 3. What are capital and lower case letters called? 1. Vocabulary Builder: Genes verses Alleles IQIA. Please Provide the Date! Venn Diagram (use your vocabulary CARDS) 12 Biology Journal Question follow up: JQ—TWO sets of homologous chromosomes; stand for genes; alleles of the same gene. VB — Genes: Section of a chromosome; sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait. Alleles: A form of a gene. SAME—sections of a chromosome; sequence of DNA. 13 Biology BioACTS (2/08/17): Journal Question: How are gametes formed? IQIA. Please Provide the Date! Vocabulary Builder: Venn Diagram Hybrids verses True Breeding (Hint—use your vocabulary cards!) 14 Biology Journal Question follow up: JQ—Meiosis in males results in the formation of four unique sperm cells (haploid; 1N); meiosis in females results in the formation of one egg and three polar bodies, which are usually not used in reproduction (haploid; 1N). VB — Hybrid: Offspring of parents with different traits. True Breeding: Organisms that produce offspring that are identical to themselves. SAME—the result of reproduction (meiosis and 15 fertilization). Biology BioACTS (2/09/17): Journal Question: What was the probability in the activity, ‘Flowers Have IT!’ that you would draw one of the two statements for petal color? IQIA. Please Provide the Date! Vocabulary Builder: Venn Diagram Phenotype verses Genotype (Hint—use your vocabulary 16 cards!) Biology Journal Question follow up: JQ—50% EACH time (that this ‘drawing out’ activity would occur). What percent of the flowers in the period will be white??? VB — Phenotype: The Physical expression of a trait in an organism (i.e., Red or white flower petals). Genotype: The Genetic makeup (the gene code) for an organism (i.e., RR homozygous dominant for red petal color). SAME— Gene-based traits (features) that 17 identify a life form. Biology BioACTS (2/10/17): Journal Question: What was the probability that offspring from a cross of two parents who are heterozygous for flower position will be homozygous recessive? Vocabulary Builder: Fertilization verses Segregation IQIA with a Punnett Square. Please Provide the Date! Venn Diagram (Hint—use your vocabulary 18 cards!) Biology Journal Question follow up: VB — Fertilization: Process in sexual reproduction in which male and female gametes (sex cells) join to form a new cell. Segregation: Separation of alleles during the meiosis, which is gamete formation. SAME—Use/formation of gametes; joining /separation of alleles. 19 Biology BioACTS (2/13/17): Journal Question: What is the probability that offspring from a cross of one parent who is heterozygous for flower position and the other parent is homozygous recessive will be homozygous recessive? Vocabulary Builder: F1 and F2 generation IQIA with a Punnett Square. Please provide the date! F1: First filial; offspring of the original parents. F2: Second filial; offspring of the F1 20 generation. Biology BioACTS (2/14/17): Journal Question: What are the genotypes AND phenotypes of a cross of two pea plants that are heterozygous for height (TT; Tt; tt) AND flower color (GG; Gg; gg)? Vocabulary Builder: Independent Assortment IQIA with a Punnett Square. Please provide the date! Genes (and thus alleles) separate independently during the formation of gametes in meiosis.21 Biology BioACTS (2/15/17): Journal Question: A tall green pea plant (TTGg) is crossed with a tall green pea plant (TtGg): what are the genotype and phenotype ratios??? Vocabulary Builder: Selected Chapter 11 TERM (Word Wall) Your answer You will need a Punnett Square! Vocabulary BOX 22 Biology BioACTS (2/16/17): Journal Question: Complete Practice problem on a answer on separate piece of slip. Turn in paper. to me. Vocabulary Builder: Selected Chapter 11 TERM (Word Wall) Vocabulary BOX 23 Biology The REAL JQ!!!: How are meiosis and mitosis similar AND different? See model of white board ‘T’ chart. Complete in your journal. 24 Biology BioACTS (2/17/17): Journal Question: NONE—please have out your lab journal, completed lab journal rubric, the meiosis diagram and description worksheet, and a #2 pencil. Vocabulary Builder: None 25 Biology BioACTS (2/27/17): Journal Question: Your answer Can an organism have the same phenotype BUT a different genotype? Explain Vocabulary Builder: Incomplete dominance One allele for a trait is NOT completely dominant over another allele. The heterozygous individual phenotype is a blend of both alleles. 26 Biology JQ Follow UP: Homozygous dominant (i.e., TT) and heterozygous (Tt) individuals for a trait have the same phenotype but different genotypes. 27 Biology BioACTS (2/28/17): Journal Question: What is the total number AND genotype of gametes from a parent who is AaBBCc? Vocabulary Builder: Multiple Alleles Your answer Traits that have more than two alleles. 28 Biology VB Follow UP: Look at Figure 11-12 in your textbook (page 273) and answer the following questions below your entry task: 1. 2. 3. What is the phenotype of a rabbit with a genotype of Cch? What is the arrangement of alleles for coat color from most dominant to least dominant? What would be genotype and phenotype ratios of a rabbit cross of Cch with chc? 29 Biology BioACTS (3/01/17): Journal Question: Your answer What would be the blood type(s) of children from parents who have AO and BO blood type genotypes? Vocabulary Builder: Polygenic Traits Production of traits based on the interaction of more than one gene. 30 Biology BioACTS (3/02/17): Journal Question: Barred Plymouth Rock Chickens are either black feathered (BB), white feathered (WW) or speckled (BW): What would be the phenotype and genotype ratios for chicks from a cross of two speckled chickens? Your answer 31 Biology BioACTS (3/03/17): Journal Question: How could a human get an extra chromosome? Your answer HINT—review meiosis in your textbook (pages 276-277) Vocabulary Builder: Diagram showing the relative locations of each known gene on a 32 particle chromosome. Gene map Biology JQ Follow UP: Homologous chromosomes fail to separate in Meiosis I Anaphase I. This may result in gametes with an extra set of chromosomes. What is this called (HINT-look at your Chapter 14 vocabulary sheet)???? 33 Biology BioACTS (3/06/17): Journal Question: What type of human diseases might a karyotype help identify? Vocabulary Builder: Autosomes vs Sex chromosomes Your answer Venn Diagram 34 Biology JQ Follow UP: Genetic disorders due to extra, missing, or broken chromosomes are determined by karyotypes. 35 Biology BioACTS (3/07/17): Journal Question: Your answer Minute of mental madness: write down everything you know about chromosomes!!! Vocabulary Builder: NONE 36 Biology JQ Follow UP: Made up of DNA (genetic information to form proteins) plus supporting proteins (histones). Are replicated in ‘S’ phase of interphase. Are separated in both mitosis and meiosis. Problems in meiosis can result in extra, missing, or damaged chromosomes. Can be photographed, stained, and sorted to form a karyotype (see above). 37 Biology BioACTS (3/08/17): OUT—genetic Journal Question: counselor packet None—please get karyotype; out your lab Internet resource; journal for a HW rubric; piece of STAMP full-sized notebook paper. Vocabulary Builder None 38 Biology BioACTS (3/09/17): Your answer What do the following Use Figure 14-3 in mean in a pedigree— your textbook shapes; shaded and (page 342) to un-shaded; vertical answer the and horizontal lines? question. Vocabulary Builder Venn Diagram Journal Question: Homozygous verses Heterozygous 39 Biology JQ Follow up: Shape: Circle = female; square = male. Shading: Dark = expresses a trait; light = does not express the trait. Lines: Vertical = generational line; horizontal line = marriage; siblings. 40 Biology BioACTS (3/10/17): Journal Question: Why is the highest probability of the recessive trait called hemophilia being expressed in males??? Vocabulary Builder Karyotype verses pedigree HINT—look at Figure 14-12 in your textbook (page 350). Venn Diagram 41 Biology JQ follow UP: Sex-linked gene on the ‘X’. The gene is NOT found on the ‘Y’. Heterozygous females do NOT express the recessive trait; they would need BOTH recessive alleles to have hemophilia. Males only need ONE copy of the recessive allele on their X chromosome to have hemophilia. Video background 42 (http://healthresearchfunding.org/difference-hemophilia-b/) Biology BioACTS (3/13/17): Journal Question: Red-green colored blindness is a sex-linked gene trait (found on the X; recessive trait; dominant=C; recessive=c): If a father has normal vision but a mother is heterozygous for the trait, what is the probability that a son is born who is red-green color blind? PROVE IT WITH A PUNNETT SQUARE!!!! Vocabulary Builder: None 43 Biology BioACTS (3/14/17): Journal Question: If a father has red-green color blindness but a mother is homozygous dominant for the trait, what is the probability that a son is born who is red-green color blind? PROVE IT WITH A PUNNETT SQUARE!!!! Vocabulary Builder Blood Antigens Red-green colored blindness is a sexlinked gene trait (found on the X; recessive trait; dominant=C; recessive=c) Carbohydrates that are attached to proteins or lipids; humans have either A, B or no (Zer’O’) blood 44 antigens. Biology JQ Follow UP: Both alleles are expressed in the heterozygote; A and B antigens for human blood are co-dominant. So…what is the allele O???? TO DO complete the table in the lab work section of your journal (see white board). 45 Biology BioACTS (3/15/17): Journal Question: What are the phenotypes and genotypes of fruit fly babies from the cross of XrXr with XRY? Vocabulary Builder Antibodies Eye-color in fruit flies is sex-linked (Red=R; White=r) Proteins found in blood plasma used in the immune system to keep you 46 healthy. Biology VB Follow UP: Where are the antibodies found? How many antibodies are there in blood related to blood type? How do they keep your blood, ‘healthy’? 47 Biology BioACTS (3/16/17): Journal Question: ANSWER: Hint—complete a What are the possible blood types Punnett Square of children if mom is AB and dad is OO? Vocabulary Builder Transfer of compatible Blood Transfusion red blood cells, plasma, or clotting factors from one 48 person to one in need. Biology BioACTS (3/17/17): Journal Question: Could a child with type A blood have parents with O and type B blood? Vocabulary Builder Carrier Use a Punnett Square to support your answer A person who is heterozygous for a recessive trait. 49 Biology BioACTS (3/20/17): Journal Question: Answer What blood types would you expect the children to have if their parents are IAi and IBi? Vocabulary Builder Vocabulary Pick your review term (Brown vocabulary sheet) BOX. 50 Biology BioACTS (3/21/17): Journal Question: Review Content (Page 363): #1#7. Vocabulary Builder Complete review questions in your lab journal in, ‘Class Work’ NONE 51 Biology BioACTS (3/22/17): Journal Question: A minute of mental madness! Write down what you ALREADY know about DNA! Vocabulary Builder: Table Team Review: ‘Nucleic Acids’ 52 Biology BioACTS (3/23/17): Journal Question: Hint—page 47 in a What are the ‘building blocks’ of textbook DNA? Vocabulary Builder: Table Team Review: ‘Histones’; ‘Chromatin’ Use the colored pencils to make a drawing (White board + page 297 [Figure 12-10])53 Biology BioACTS Follow-UP: 1.The building blocks (monomers) of DNA are nucleotides, which have a sugar, nitrogen base and phosphate group. 2.Histones—proteins that DNA strands wrap around. 3.Chromatin—DNA + histones slightly coiled. 54 Biology BioACTS (3/24/17): Journal Question: Let’s draw it! What are the nitrogen (Hint-page base pairs identified 291) by Chargaff? Vocabulary Builder: Base Pairing Chapter 14 Vocabulary List / Cards! 55 Biology BioACTS Follow-UP: JQ: Adenine always matches with Thymine (A = T); Guanine always matches with Cytosine (G = C). VB: The principle that bond in DNA can form only between adenine and thymine and between guanine and cytosine. 56 Biology BioACTS (3/27/17): Journal Question: Answer. How does a code work? Vocabulary Builder: Hydrogen bond Intermolecular force that holds Adenine with Thymine; Cytosine always matches with Guanine in DNA.57 Biology Journal Question Follow UP: Morse Code: A dot and dash. 58 Biology BioACTS (3/28/17): Journal Question: Answer. Is it important for scientists to learn from each other? Explain using examples from the discovery of DNA’s structure. Vocabulary Builder: DNA Replication Multiple-step process in the cell nucleus to make 59 an exact copy of DNA. Biology Journal Question Follow UP: Yes, because it saves time, energy, and resources; new perspectives on shared data can expand and /or guide additional research. Avery repeated Griffith’s research experiment on transformation. Rosalind Franklin’s X-ray diffraction data helped Watson and Crick to make the first correct 3-D model of DNA. 60 Biology BioACTS (3/29/17): Journal Question: Answer. What must be the nature of the hydrogen bonds between the nitrogen bases in DNA to allow for replication? Vocabulary Builder: Histone verses Chromatin Venn Diagram 61 Biology BioACTS (3/30/17): Journal Question: What is ONE accurate and ONE inaccurate part of your DNA paper model compared to a real DNA molecule? Vocabulary Builder: Antiparallel The two nucleotide strands that make one DNA molecule run in opposite directions.62 Biology BioACTS (3/31/17): Use your Journal Question: illustration and What is the end content sheet result of the DNA on DNA replication (copying) replication. process? Vocabulary Builder: DNA ‘backbone’ verses ‘rungs’ Venn Diagram 63 Biology JQ Follow UP: Two identical DNA molecules from the original one molecule, each with an original parent strand and a new daughter strand. 64 Biology BioACTS (4/03/17): Journal Question: The invoice to the right is a template: how is a template used in DNA replication??? Vocabulary Builder Purines Two-ringed nitrogen bases; Adenine (A) and Guanine (G). The 65 BIG ones! Biology JQ Follow UP: The original / parent strand of DNA is a template used by DNA polymerase to form a new daughter strand, based on the base pairing principle (A = T; G = C). 66 Biology BioACTS (4/04/17): Journal Question: Answer. Write your sequence of nitrogen bases from ONE parent strand as letters: compare and contrast it to ONE other lab teams base sequence. Vocabulary Builder Pyrimidines One-ringed nitrogen bases; Thymine (T) and Cytosine (C). 67 The small ones! Biology BioACTS (4/05/16): Journal Question: A parent DNA strand has a nitrogen base sequence of ATCGAA: what would be the base sequence on the new daughter strand??? Vocabulary Builder RNA Nucleic acids used in the transcription and translation of DNA into proteins. 68 Biology BioACTS (4/06/17): Journal Question: DNA is called a nucleic acid: what is its monomer? What are the parts of that monomer? Vocabulary Builder Replication verses Transcription Venn Diagram Hint—use your vocabulary cards. 69 Biology JQ Follow UP: The smallest unit called a monomer of a nucleic acid is called a nucleotide. Nucleotides are made up of THREE parts—a phosphate group, a sugar (deoxyribose) and one of four nitrogen bases. Diagram I Draw and label ONE nucleotide using the highlighters below your entry task. 70 Biology VB Follow UP: Replication—process of copying DNA to produce two identical molecules during the S phase of Interphase Transcription—process of copying the nucleotide sequence of DNA into a complementary sequence of RNA. SAME—both use DNA; both use enzymes; both occur in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. 71 Biology BioACTS (4/07/17): Journal Question: DNA has genes that code for proteins; proteins are made in the cytoplasm so…how are the instructions from DNA made available in the cytoplasm??? Vocabulary Builder mRNA Poor DNA!!! A nucleic acid that carries DNA instructions in the form of a sequence of nitrogen bases to 72