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Science 10 – Biochem Last time we focused on Vocab, this time on function within the system Classifying Matter • Substance v Mixture • Elements v Compounds • Homogeneous v Heterogeneous Chemistry of Life Element - any substance that is comprised of one type of atom and cannot be broken down into another substance. Examples Hydrogen Oxygen Carbon Gold Silver http://facstaff.gpc.edu/~pgore/PhysicalScience/periodic-table.gif Chemical bonds http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/cm1504/Image57.gif • Ionic bonds - formed through the transfer of electrons between two atoms. The bond is due to the attraction of oppositely charged ions (atoms with a negative or positive charge). Chemical bonds http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=96904&rendTypeId=4 • Covalent bonds - formed through the sharing of atoms between atoms. Matter Flow Chart MATTER yes MIXTURE yes Is the composition uniform? Homogeneous Mixture (solution) Colloids no Can it be physically separated? PURE SUBSTANCE no Heterogeneous Mixture yes Can it be chemically decomposed? Compound Suspensions Element no Water is the solvent of life Chemical elements and water • Elements of life (most common) o Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen • Other necessary elements & function o o o o o Nitrogen (amino acids), Calcium (bones, teeth), Phosphorous (ATP, DNA), Iron (hemoglobin), Sodium (nerve transmision) Like no other common substance, water exists in nature in all three physical states: – as a solid – as a liquid – as a gas Properties of water • Transparency: o Light can easily pass through o Reach inside cytoplasm (water) to • chloroplast, retina o Reach organisms in water • Cohesion: o Water molecules stick together (surface) • Water can be pulled up trees • Small animals can live on water surface (mosquito) • Solvent Properties • Thermal Properties Properties of Water Hydrophobic http://asia.cnet.com/i/r/2006/dc/39304504/pearls_sc.jpg Hydrophilic http://dl.clackamas.edu/ch104-02/images/104vol07.jpg • Cohesion - attraction between molecules of the same substance. • Adhesion - attraction between molecules of different substances. Cohesion: Water molecules stick together surface tension Polarity • Polar: Uneven distribution of charge within the molecule. Example: H2O (water) • Non-polar: Even distribution of charge within the molecule. Example: BF3 (boron trifluoride) • Like dissolves like o Something polar dissolves something polar o Something nonpolar dissolves something nonpolar Biochemistry • The chemistry of Life • Bio-molecules o Proteins o Saccharides o Carbohydrates o Lipids (fats, membranes…) o Nucleic Acids (DNA…) Organic Compounds • Contain carbon & found in living organisms o Inorganic Carbon compounds: CO2, o Many inorganics found in living organisms • Iron in blood Macromolecules - large molecules formed through the joining of many monomers (small molecular units) into polymers (larger molecules). We will be studying 4 important macromolecules: • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic acids. http://hsc.csu.edu.au/senior_science/option s/polymers/2973/images/Fig_9513.jpg Carbohydrates (saccharides) - sugars which contain C, H and O and are the main energy source for all living things (some organisms also use carbohydrates for structural purposes). • Monosaccharides - single sugar molecules (glucose, galactose). • Disaccharides - carbohydrates composed of two sugar molecules (lactose). • Polysaccharides - large carbohydrates composed of many monosaccharide monomers (starch, cellulose, glycogen). Carbohydrates Gizmo • Tutorial on Carbohydrates. http://www.wisconline.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objID=AP13104 The building blocks! 1 1+1=2 2+2=4, etc.. http://chemistry2.csudh.edu/rpendarvis/1feb23.gif Condensation (Dehydration) Reaction: monomers form chains o Remove water to form bonds o Protein synthesis o Fatty acid synthesis Building Bonds!! 1 1 1 1 Short polymer Unlinked monomer Removal of water molecule 1 Figure 3.3A 1 1 Longer polymer 1 • Hydrolysis - reverse process of condensation polymers are broken down to monomers o Using water Breaking Bonds!! 1 1 1 1 Addition of water molecule 1 1 1 1 Condensation (dehydration) and Hydrolysis Gizmo • Animation on Condensation & Hydrolysis reactions. http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbioac/b iochem/condense.htm Functions of Lipids (fats) A group of organic compounds, including fats oils, and waxes that are soluble insoluble in water. Energy storage: Insulation: Protection: Membranes (phospholipids): Glycerol & fatty acid Structure of Triglycerides Building Bonds = Condensation or Dehydrolysis Saturated v. Unsaturated Which is better for you? In general…. • Unsaturated are better for you than Saturated o Saturated fats clog arteries and raise bad cholesterol (LDL) o Synthetic unsaturated fats are not necessarily better • Contain artificially hydrolyzed bonds that are ineffective • Liquids are better for you than solids o If it is a solid at room temperature it is most likely not good for you. o Fats (lipids) are necessary – omega-3-fatty-acids like fish and flax seed oil are very good for you, reducing risk of heart disease and increase immune system Lipid Gizmo • Tutorial on lipids. Info about saturated and unsaturated fatty acids you need. http://www.wisconline.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objID=AP13204 Enzymes • Enzyme o Protein o Biological catalyst o Example: amylase • Active Site o Location where substrate (reactant) binds Proteins - macromolecules that contain N, H, O and C. Are comprised of amino acid (the order and combination of these amino acids determines the role of the protein) subunits. Types of proteins: • Enzymes - carry out the chemical reactions in the organism (lactase, DNA helicase, catalase). • Structural Proteins - aid in building muscles, bones and other components of the organism (keratin, collagen). • Functional Proteins - assist in organism’s daily functioning such as messengers (hemoglobin, insulin), defense or transport. http://www.tikirobot.net/wp/wpcontent/uploads/2007/11/0143.gif Proteins have levels of organization. Proteins can be denatured. Structure of Proteins • Primary – sequence of amino acids Chain of 1 GLYILE -VAL- GLU -GLN -CYS • Secondary – the folding the chain of amino acids into a helix or a pleated sheet • Tertiary – a higher level of folding in which the helices and sheets of the secondary structure fold upon themselves • Quaternary – polypeptide chains are bound together usually by hydrogen bonds Amino Acids = the building blocks of proteins Protein Synthesis • amino acids link o dipeptides o polypeptide chains (Proteins) • The bonds are called peptide bonds Dehydration synthesis Figure 3.13 Protein Gizmo • Tutorial on Proteins (contains more info on structure than we need right now but the idea of denaturation is important when we talk about Enzymes - which are proteins.) http://www.wisconline.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objID=AP13304 Enzymes – Lock and Key Lock and Key Model (enzyme-substrate specificity) Effects of variables on enzymes • Temperature • pH Enzyme Gizmos • What is an enzyme: http://www.northland.cc.mn.us/biology/Biology1111/animations/ enzyme.html • How an enzyme works: http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__h ow_enzymes_work.html • Enzyme Specificity: http://www.wiley.com/legacy/college/boyer/0470003790/animati ons/enzyme_binding/enzyme_binding.htm • Enzymes: http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/add_aqa/en zymes/acidsbasesact.shtml Nucleic Acids - macromolecules that contain H, O, N, C and P. The 2 kinds of nucleic acids are DNA and RNA which store and transmit genetic information (the “blueprint” to make you). http://www.scfbio-iitd.res.in/image/nucleotide.jpg http://faculty.uca.edu/~johnc/RNA%20DNA.gif • Comprised of nucleotide (5-C sugar, phosphate group and nitrogenous base) monomers. Review Sites • Biochemistry: http://www.scool.co.uk/alevel/biology/biological-moleculesand-enzymes.html • Enzymes: http://www.scool.co.uk/gcse/biology/enzymes.html • Biochemistry: http://www.scool.co.uk/alevel/biology/biological-moleculesand-enzymes.html • Enzymes: http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/scienc e/add_aqa/enzymes/