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Chapter 2 Lesson 2 http://www.johnkyrk.com/pH.html Chapter 2 Lesson 3 Carbon Carbon atoms have 4 valence electrons Covalent Bonds: bond formed by the sharing of electrons o Can bond with: Hydrogen, Oxygen, sulfur, Phosphorous, Nitrogen o Can form very large chains of unlimited length o Carbon- Carbon bonds can be single, double, or triple covalent bonds. o Can even form rings. Macromolecules: Giant molecules formed by polymerization (large Molecules formed by joining smaller ones together) o Monomers o Polymers 4 Groups of Organic Compounds 1. Carbohydrates 2. Nucleic acids 3. Lipids 4. Proteins 1. Carbohydrates: http://www.chem4kids.com/files/bio_carbos.html Made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms *Main source of energy *Plants use it for energy and structure Monosaccharide: single, sugar molecule *Sugar (Glucose) is monosaccharide Polysaccharide: large macromolecule o glycogen (Animal Starch) o Cellulose (Plant Starch) 2. Lipid: Fats, waxes, oils used to store energy are a part of biological membranes and waterproof coverings steroids (chemical messengers o Saturated: maximum number of hydrogen atoms examples: animal fat solid at room temperature o Polyunsaturated: more than one double bond example: olive oil liquid at room temperature 3. Nucleic Acid: store and transmit hereditary information 2 types 1. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) 2. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Made of Nucleotides: a. 5 carbon sugar b. phosphate group c. nitrogenous base 4. Proteins: made of Amino Acids More than 20 different Amino Acids Amino acids are the building blocks of protein. Chapter 2 Lesson 4 Chemical reactions Reactants: causes chemical reactions Products: produced by a chemical reaction *Always involve the breaking of bonds in reactants and the formation of new bonds in products* Energy in Reactions Energy is released or absorbed whenever chemical bonds form or are broken. Activation Energy: Energy needed to start a reaction Enzymes: proteins that act as catalysts Catalysts: speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy Cells use enzymes to speed up chemical reactions. Enzyme Action: Substrate: Reactions of enzyme-catalyzed reactions. o Binds to an active site on an enzyme. *Lock and Key* Temperature affects enzyme Cells can turn enzymes “On or Off”. http://teachertube.com/viewVideo.php?title=Enzyme_Ac tivity&video_id=21969