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1. See below Descriptor Water bonds to water Property/characteristic Cohesion Biological Significance Keeps water from evaporating, creates surface tension, can work with adhesion for capillary action, water forms drops Ice floats Water takes a long time to boil Water bonds to glass Less dense as a solid High specific heat Insulates inhabitants of cold climate lakes, etc. Helps regulate our body’s temperature, will cool us down when we sweat Combined with cohesion, allows for plants to absorb and transport water through its body using capillary action, plays a role in dissolving substances Due to polarity, serves as a medium for chemical reactions – believed to be one of the most important precursors to life Forms hydrogen bonds that are responsible for the majority of water’s amazing properties. Adhesion Water will dissolve Universal solvent many substances Water has a partial Polar positive and partial negative pole (end) 2. Carbon 3. Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen 4. Covalent 5. Energy storage & structure (like cellulose in plants, chitin in insects and crustaceans) 6. Energy, waterproofing 7. Other non-polar substances 8. Glycerol 9. Phospholipid, head (phosphate), tails (fatty acids) 10. ‘phobic = tails, ‘philic = heads 11. A double layer of phosphates, with hydrophobic fatty acids pointing inward towards each other, and hydrophobic phosphate heads pointing towards water. Membranes form spontaneously, without energy, and are surprisingly sturdy and have high utility (useful) despite being pliable and fluid-like. 12. Structure, immunity, mobility, energy ENZYMES 13. Amino acids 14. Class of covalent bonds called peptide bonds 15. Polypeptide 16. Nucleotide 17. Heredity 18. Energy currency 19. D 20. G 21. E 22. B 23. A 24. H 25. C 26. F 27. Lower activation energy 28. Temperature & pH. When these are not optimal for an enzyme it becomes denatured, resulting in the enzyme not performing correctly. Changes in our body’s pH and temperature cause our chemical reactions in our bodies to be disrupted, until conditions go back to normal, when proteins can function. 29. Active site. It is theorized that enzymes work on only one set of substrates and are specific to a reaction. They are not used up in the reaction (meaning they exist in the same form before and after the reaction) but act as ushers so they proceed faster and more controlled. The active site of an enzyme is considered the lock and the substrates the keys. 30. 1000s – their names are derived from the specific substrates they act on. For example, lactase is the enzyme to metabolize lactose. 31. See below Fatty acid Lipids Long-term energy storage, controls water Amino acid Proteins Structure, motion, immunity, enzymes, Nucleotide Nucleic acids DNA & RNA: hereditary information simple sugar Carbohydrates ATP = energy currency. Remember, mitochondria convert sugars into ATP, which is used by cells. Short-term energy, structure (cellulose in plants, chitin in crabs and insects) Review: 1. Atoms & bonding. a. Know the parts of the atoms and be able to fill in where all electrons go. b. Identify types of bonds and know how they form (ionic, covalent, hydrogen) 2. Macromolecules: a. Know the 4 classes, their structures (generally would help but specifically would be best), and examples. b. Know the functions each class performs. c. Know conceptually that the macromolecule polymers are built from their subunit monomers. 3. Water: a. How water bonds to each other (illustrate 10 water molecules bonded together) and how an ion like Na+ would be suspended/dissolve in water. b. Know the structure and why it’s considered polar. c. Be able to explain each of the 7 properties and relate how hydrogen bonds play a role in those properties. 4. Chemical Reactions: a. Be able to state and identify the standard “reactant product” format. b. Identify why enzymes are used. c. Understand how the reaction curve works. Know how to identify if a reaction is using an enzyme or not. d. Understand the concept of activation energy. e. Know that enzymes are fragile to an extent and dependent upon pH & temperature. If they are heated or subjected to extremes they become inactive. f. They are not used up in a reaction so they are not considered substrates. They exist after the reaction is completed and can be used over and over again.