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1. See below
Descriptor
Water bonds to
water
Property/characteristic
Cohesion
Biological Significance
Keeps water from evaporating, creates surface tension, can
work with adhesion for capillary action, water forms drops
Ice floats
Water takes a long
time to boil
Water bonds to
glass
Less dense as a solid
High specific heat
Insulates inhabitants of cold climate lakes, etc.
Helps regulate our body’s temperature, will cool us down when
we sweat
Combined with cohesion, allows for plants to absorb and
transport water through its body using capillary action, plays a
role in dissolving substances
Due to polarity, serves as a medium for chemical reactions –
believed to be one of the most important precursors to life
Forms hydrogen bonds that are responsible for the majority of
water’s amazing properties.
Adhesion
Water will dissolve Universal solvent
many substances
Water has a partial Polar
positive and partial
negative pole
(end)
2. Carbon
3. Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
4. Covalent
5. Energy storage & structure (like cellulose in plants, chitin in insects and crustaceans)
6. Energy, waterproofing
7. Other non-polar substances
8. Glycerol
9. Phospholipid, head (phosphate), tails (fatty acids)
10. ‘phobic = tails, ‘philic = heads
11. A double layer of phosphates, with hydrophobic fatty acids pointing inward towards each other, and
hydrophobic phosphate heads pointing towards water. Membranes form spontaneously, without energy, and
are surprisingly sturdy and have high utility (useful) despite being pliable and fluid-like.
12. Structure, immunity, mobility, energy ENZYMES
13. Amino acids
14. Class of covalent bonds called peptide bonds
15. Polypeptide
16. Nucleotide
17. Heredity
18. Energy currency
19. D
20. G
21. E
22. B
23. A
24. H
25. C
26. F
27. Lower activation energy
28. Temperature & pH. When these are not optimal for an enzyme it becomes denatured, resulting in the enzyme
not performing correctly. Changes in our body’s pH and temperature cause our chemical reactions in our bodies
to be disrupted, until conditions go back to normal, when proteins can function.
29. Active site. It is theorized that enzymes work on only one set of substrates and are specific to a reaction. They
are not used up in the reaction (meaning they exist in the same form before and after the reaction) but act as
ushers so they proceed faster and more controlled. The active site of an enzyme is considered the lock and the
substrates the keys.
30. 1000s – their names are derived from the specific substrates they act on. For example, lactase is the enzyme to
metabolize lactose.
31. See below
Fatty acid
Lipids
Long-term energy storage, controls
water
Amino acid
Proteins
Structure, motion, immunity,
enzymes,
Nucleotide
Nucleic acids
DNA & RNA: hereditary information
simple sugar
Carbohydrates
ATP = energy currency. Remember,
mitochondria convert sugars into
ATP, which is used by cells.
Short-term energy, structure
(cellulose in plants, chitin in crabs
and insects)
Review:
1. Atoms & bonding.
a. Know the parts of the atoms and be able to fill in where all electrons go.
b. Identify types of bonds and know how they form (ionic, covalent, hydrogen)
2. Macromolecules:
a. Know the 4 classes, their structures (generally would help but specifically would be best), and examples.
b. Know the functions each class performs.
c. Know conceptually that the macromolecule polymers are built from their subunit monomers.
3. Water:
a. How water bonds to each other (illustrate 10 water molecules bonded together) and how an ion like
Na+ would be suspended/dissolve in water.
b. Know the structure and why it’s considered polar.
c. Be able to explain each of the 7 properties and relate how hydrogen bonds play a role in those
properties.
4. Chemical Reactions:
a. Be able to state and identify the standard “reactant  product” format.
b. Identify why enzymes are used.
c. Understand how the reaction curve works. Know how to identify if a reaction is using an enzyme or not.
d. Understand the concept of activation energy.
e. Know that enzymes are fragile to an extent and dependent upon pH & temperature. If they are heated
or subjected to extremes they become inactive.
f. They are not used up in a reaction so they are not considered substrates. They exist after the reaction is
completed and can be used over and over again.