Download UNIT 1 EXAM REVIEW (100 PTS

UNIT 1 EXAM REVIEW (25 PTS.)
NAME _____________________
DATE:________________
TOPICS COVERED (Ch. 2-5, 8)
1) Intro to Biology
A) 8 Characteristics of all living things
B) Levels of studying biology
C) Steps of the Scientific method
2) The Chemic Context of Life (Ch. 2)
 Matter consists of chemical elements in pure form and in combinations called compounds.
 An element’s properties depend on the structure of its atoms.
 The formation and fnction of molecules depend on chemical bonding between atoms.
A) Matter
(1) Distinguish between: atom, element, compound, and molecule
(2) C, H, O, N
(3) Trace elements
B) Atomic Structure
(1) Atoms (draw and explain)
(a) Protons, neutrons, electrons
(2) Atomic number
(3) Atomic mass
C) Chemical Bonds
(1) Chemical bonds
(2) Covalent Bond
(a) Polar
(b) Nonpolar
(3) Ionic bonds
(a) Ion
(4) Hydrogen bonds
(5) Van der Waals interactions
3) Water and the Fitness of the Environment (Ch. 3)
 The polarity of water molecules results in hydrogen bonding.
 Four emergent properties of water contribute to Earth’s fitness for life.
 Acidic and basic conditions affect living organisms.
A) Structure of water (polarity, hydrogen bonds, etc.)
B) 4 unique (emergent) properties of water
(1) Cohesion
(2) Moderation of temperature (specific heat)
(3) Insulation of bodies of water by floating ice
(4) Universal solvent
(a) Solute + Solvent  Solution
(b) Hydrophobic vs. hydrophilic
C) pH Scale (draw & label)
(1) acids
(2) Bases
(3) Buffers
(4) Carbonic acid (as an important buffer in living systems)
4) Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life (Ch. 4)
 Carbon atoms can form diverse molecules by bonding to four other atoms.
 Characteristic chemical groups help control how biological molecules function.
A) Properties of cabon that make it so versatile & important (i.e. 4 valence electrons)
B) Isomers
C) Functional groups
5) The Structure and Function of Macromolecules
 Most macromolecules are polymers built from monomers.
 Carbohydrates serve as fuel and building material.
 Lipids are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules.
 Proteins have many structures, resulting in a wide range of functions.
 Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary information.
A) Macromolecules
(1) 4 types
(2) Polymers vs. monomers
(3) Dehydration reactions
(4) Hydrolysis
B) Carbohydrates (structure & function)
(1) Monosaccharides
(2) Polysaccharides
(a) Energy Storage Polysaccharides
(b) Structural Support Polysaccharides
C) Lipids (structure & function)
(1) Triglycerides (fats)
(2) Fatty acids
(a) Saturated (structure & examples)
(b) Unsaturated (structure & examples)
(3) Phospholipids (structure, function, draw & label)
(4) Steroids
D) Proteins
(1) Different types of protein (function & examples)
(2) Enzymes
(3) Amino acids
(4) Polypeptides
(5) Four Levels of Protein Structure (definition and drawing for each)
(a) Primary
(b) Secondary
(c) Tertiary
(d) Quaternary
(6) Protein Structure
(a) Chaperonins
(b) Denaturation
E) Nucelic Acids (structure & function)
(a) Nucleotides (define, draw & label)
(b) DNA
(c) RNA
F) An Introduction to Metabolism (Ch. 8)
 An organism’s metabolism transforms matter and energy, subject to the laws of thermodynamics.
 The free energy change of a reaction tells us whether the reaction occurs spontaneously.
 ATP powers cellular work by couping exergonic reactions to endergonic reactions.
 Enzymes speed up the metabolic reactions by lowering energy barriers.
 Regulation of enzyme activity helps control metabolism.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Metabolism
Energy
Thermodynamics
Enzymes
(a) Enzymes as biological catalysts
(b) Draw and label an enzyme stubstrate complex
(c) Cofactors and coenzymes
(d) Competitivs vs. noncompetitive inhibitors
(e) Regulation of enzyme activity