Download 2-1 The Nature of Matter

2-1 The Nature of Matter
____________-basic unit of matter
Atoms are made up of:
Subatomic Particles
-_____________
-_____________
-_____________
Protons and Neutrons make up the _________ of an atom
*___________ move around the nucleus
*Compound-combo of 2 or more elements
*___________- formed when atoms joined together; smallest unit of
most compounds
Chemical Bonds:
-________________ -1 or more electrons transferred
-_________________- electrons shared
-__________________- weak intermolecular forces
-Can develop when molecules are close together
2-2 Properties of Water
H20- neutral molecule
10 protons and 10 electrons
Water Polarity
_______________-the charges are unevenly distributed
like a magnet with poles
A water molecule is polar because there is an ___________
distribution between the O and H atoms
negative near O
positive between H
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Polarity allows water molecules to ____________each other
_______________ bonds- bonds between H molecules
-weak
-allow for special ______________ of water
________- attraction between molecules of the same substance
-water is extremely cohesive
-insects, spiders can walk on water
___________- attraction between molecules of different
substances
-meniscus
*Mixtures: Solution and Suspensions
Mixture- 2 or more elements or compounds
-_________ mixed together but not ____________
combined
-can be ____________
ex: salt and pepper, sugar and sand
_____________- mixture of 2 or more substances in which the
molecules are evenly distributed
ex: table salt in water
table salt= solute- substance that is dissolved
water= solvent- does dissolving
_______________-mixtures with non- dissolved material
ex: -water and sand
*Acids, Bases and pH
Remember: ion = charged particle
pH= “potential of Hydrogen”
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-indicates the concentration of_________ ions
H20 H+ + OHwater
H ion
hydroxide ion
pH scale- ranges from ____________
pH 7 = concentration of H+ ions and OH- equal
Below ________ = __________ = more H+ ions
Above ________ = ____________ = more OH- ions
Controlling pH= buffers
buffers= weak ________ or _____________
-can react w/strong acids or bases
-prevent sudden ___________ in pH
2-3 Carbon Compounds
I. The Chemistry of Carbon
A. Characteristics of Carbon
1. ________ valence electrons
a. allows C to form strong covalent bonds
2. Can form C to C bonds
a. Types of bonds
i. single C-C
ii. double C=C
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iii. triple C=C
3. Very versatile (can make many
_____________compounds)
II. ____________________
A. Formed by polymerization
1. Process of joining many monomers
B. Types of Biological macromolecules
1. ________________
2. ________________
3. ________________
4. ________________
III. Carbohydrates
A. Made of _____, ________, ________
B. Main energy source for living systems
C. Types:
1. Monosaccharide
a. simple __________
b. examples:
i. glucose (C6H12O6)
-used as __________ for cell activities
ii. galactose, fructose
2. Polysaccharides
a. used to store excess monosaccharides
b. examples:
i. glycogen
-excess sugar stored by animals
ii. cellulose
-gives plants strength and structure
IV. ________________
A. Characteristics
1. Composed mostly of _______ and __________
2. Insoluble in __________
3. Stored energy
4. Make up biological membranes
B. Examples
1. Steriods- act as ____________ messengers
2. Fatty acids
i. Saturated
ii. unsaturated (olive oil)one C=C
iii. polyunsaturated (cooking oils: corn, peanut,
sesame, canola) – many C=C
V. _____________________
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A. Characteristics
1. Contain ______, ________, _____, ________, _____
2. Made up of nucleotides
a. 5-C _______
b. Phosphate Group
c. _________ base
3. Held together by covalent bonds
4. Store ________________________
5. Transmit heredity info.
B. Example:
1. DNA
2. _________
VI. ________________
A. Characteristics
1. Made up of _____, ______, ______, ______, _______
2. Made up of _______________
3. Most diverse macromolecule
a. _________ amino acids
b. number and type of amino acids determine the
protein
B. Functions
1. Control rate of chemical reactions
2. Regulate ______ processes
3. Form bone and _____________
4. Transport material
5. Help fight ___________
6. Act as ______________
C. Structure
1. Primary- chain of amino acids
2. Secondary- folded/twisted chain of amino acids
3. Tertiary- folded folded chain
4. Quatnary- 3-D structure- globular structure
2-4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes
I. Chemical Reactions
A. Laws of ___________________
1. Mass
2. Energy
B. Parts of Chemical Reactions
1. _______________
2. Products
C. Examples:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6H2O + 6CO2
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reactants
products
II. Energy in Reactions
A. Energy is:
1. _____________- bonds are broken
2. Absorbed- bonds are _____________
B. Chemical Reactions and Energy
1. ______________ energy
a. occur spontaneously
b. energy is released as heat (usually)
2. ________________ energy
a. will not occur w/o a source of energy
b. many reactions that occur in living systems
C. Activation Energy
1. Energy required to _________chemical reactions
2. Types of reactions:
a. Energy Absorbing
i. require lots of energy
Activation Energy
b. Energy Releasing
i. require less energy
Activation Energy
II. Enzymes
A. Act as _______________ catalysts
B. Act by:
1. Lowering _____________ energy
2. _______________ up chemical reactions in cells
C. Enzymes are specific
1. Catalyze only _______reaction
2. Named based on the reaction they catalyze or
chemicals being acted on
a. Examples:
i. Lactose- Lactase
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ii. Sucrose- Sucrase
iii. Usually end in –ase
III. Enzyme Action
A. Parts of an enzyme reaction
1. ______________
2. Enzyme- ____________________
a. place where substrate binds
b. substrate specific
3. Enzyme substrate complex
4. Product
B. Regulating Enzyme Activity
1. Factors that influence enzyme activity
a. _____________
b. Temperature
c. Proteins in the cells (regulator proteins)
d. Availability of ____________________
2-4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes
Everything that happens inside an organism is based on
____________ reactions:
ex: growth, interaction w/environment, reproduction, movement
____________________- process that changes or transforms 1set of
chemicals into another
-reactants react to make products
-changes in _________________
Energy Changes
-reactions can:
-release energy
-absorb energy
_________________________
-energy needed to get a reaction started
______________________
-substance that speeds up the rate of chemical reaction
-______________ activation energy
Enzymes
-protein that acts as ______________
-speed up reaction
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Enzyme Action
-Enzyme-Substrate Complex
-substrate- reactants
-binds to enzymes @ active site
-active site and substrate have complimentary shapes
(lock and ________ )
Regulating Enzyme Activity
-affect ______________:
-pH, temp., etc…
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