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The Central Dogma The Central Dogma POINT > Describe 4 roles proteins play in cells POINT > Define the primary structure of protein POINT > Describe the structure of amino acids POINT > Describe and identify peptide bonds POINT > Describe 4 roles proteins play in cells 1. Many proteins act as enzymes, catalyzing reactions, and there are lots of them in the cell! These include enzymes like the DNA and RNA polymerases, DNA ligase, helicase, and 1000’s of others POINT > Describe 4 roles proteins play in cells 2. Proteins provide structural support and define cell shape Ex. cytoskeleton and spindle fibers POINT > Describe 4 roles proteins play in cells 3. Proteins act as intra- and extra-cellular messengers Ex. insulin regulates glucose entry into cells oxytocin initiates uterine contractions during childbirth vasopressin causes kidneys to conserve water during dehydration POINT > Describe 4 roles proteins play in cells 4. Proteins are critical to body defense and the immune system Ex. antibodies identify foreign viruses and bacteria and target them for destruction WB CHECK: Identify 4 jobs that proteins perform: Which is not a role of proteins? a) provide physical structure to cells b) protect against viruses and bacteria c) carry genetic information d) act as cell messengers e) speed up chemical reactions POINT > Define the primary structure of protein What do proteins look like? POINT > Define the primary structure of protein These globular proteins (some are much smaller) are made up of one long string of amino acids POINT > Define the primary structure of protein To fulfill their roles, proteins must fold into a VERY specific configuration The primary structure of a protein is the amino acid sequence POINT > Describe the structure of amino acids Amino acids are the building blocks of peptides and proteins Amino acids are small molecules that are linked together by a type of covalent bond: the peptide bond There are 20 amino acids from which all human proteins are constructed WB CHECK: Proteins are made up of a) chains of amino acids b) carbohydrates c) sequences of nucleotides d) amino acids and nucleic acids WB CHECK: The primary structure of a protein is a) the specific shape it folds into b) the sequence of nucleotides that make the protein c) dependent on the role of the protein d) the sequence of amino acids that make the protein WB CHECK: What holds the amino acids in a protein together? Peptide bonds are a type of a) hydrogen bond b) complementary bonding c) covalent bond d) ionic bond POINT > Describe the structure of amino acids All amino acids have this basic structure: R Group (different for each a.a.) Amino group Central carbon Carboxyl group POINT > Describe the structure of amino acids WB CHECK: What are the 4 parts of an amino acid? How many different amino acids are there in human proteins? Which part of an amino acid has a nitrogen (N) atom? Which part of an amino acid is different for each amino acid? POINT > Describe and identify peptide bonds Amino acids are linked together by peptide bonds Peptide bonds form between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another POINT > Describe and identify peptide bonds POINT > Describe and identify peptide bonds POINT > Describe and identify peptide bonds As more amino acids are added the protein gets longer Like DNA, proteins have polarity: always an amino group on one end and a carboxyl group on the other Amino group Carboxyl group POINT > Describe and identify peptide bonds The R-groups of each amino acid can interact with each other R-group interactions control the way the protein folds up R groups WB CHECK: How many amino acids are in the protein shown here? POINT > Define the primary structure of protein As the protein is built, new amino acids are always added to the carboxyl end of the chain Interactions between R groups on neighboring and distant amino acids govern the final shape of the protein WB CHECK: If another amino acid was to be added to this chain, would it be on the right or the left side? Later we will see how an mRNA molecule is used to create a protein (Translation) Homework: Workbook pages 57-60