Download Ancient Rome - Miss Cummings` Social Studies Homepage

From Village to Empire
Aim: What factors influenced the rise of Rome?
Do Now: Analyzer the cartoon,
“What conclusions can you draw from the cartoon?”
1.____________________________________________
2.____________________________________________
3.____________________________________________
Legend
Abandoned on the Tiber River and raised by a SheWolf, the twin sons of the god Mars and a Latin
princess decide to build a city near this spot.
What type of
religion do you
think the early
Roman’s
practiced?
Polytheistic
Roman Mythology & Religion
1. Roman mythology
a. Based on the Greek polytheistic religion
b. Explanations of natural phenomena, human
qualities, and life events
What geographic
advantages did the city
of Rome have?
 Ancient Rome begin
as a group of villages
along the Tiber River
in what is now Italy.
 Around 750 B.C. these
villages united to
form the city of Rome.

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Developed because of
strategic location
Fertile soil important
to the agriculture
Built among seven
hills along a bend in
the Tiber River


Midway between the
Alps and Italy’s
southern tip
Located midpoint in
the Mediterranean Sea

As the city of Rome
grew, their culture was
influenced by their
neighbors:
The Etruscans and
The Greeks
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
The Etruscans
controlled much of
northern Italy between
800-600BCE
The Greeks established
cities in southern Italy
and on Sicily
Influence of the Etruscans
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Writing
Religion
The Arch
Political System
•
•
•
•
•
Greeks settle between
750 and 600 B.C
Settle along southern
coast and Sicily
Develop prosperous
and commercial activity
Teach Romans to grow
olives and grapes
Romans borrow
religious ideas
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(1) The Greek alphabet was adopted by the
Etruscans and (2) the Etruscans changed it.
Then (3) the Romans borrowed the Etruscan
alphabet and changed it.
Like the Greeks, Romans wrote in all capital
letters
Like the Greeks, Romans carved important
documents like laws and treaties into bronze or
stones
Romans carved into walls and columns
Roman authors were inspired by Greek
mythology
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The early religion in Rome was a mixture of
many influences
From the Etruscans, Romans would celebrate
religious rituals in founding their cities
Romans had their own gods, but as they mixed
with Greek mythology, similar god’s from each
culture would be blended to make a Roman
god
Romans simply adopted some of the Greek
gods as their own, and gave them Roman
Names (Zeus = Jupiter; Aries = Mars)
For Romans, mythology was less important
than strict ritual for exact occasions.
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Greek pottery was admired by Etruscans and
Romans
Greek pottery was highly valued, used to store
goods, and painted with figures, heroes, gods,
etc.
Romans took Greek artists into their homes,
and Romans imitated Greek styles but created
their own lively and realistic style
Roman sculptors were skilled at creating lifelike statues
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Greeks built marble temples as homes for their
gods.
The Romans used columns and marble for
their public buildings
Began using cement to build Pantheon, the
Coliseum, and the Circus Maximus
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The Romans adopted 2 bloody sports
Slave Fighting and Chariot Racing (Also
Greek)
In Roman stadiums, slaves died fighting as
gladiators – trained to fight for entertainment
Drove the King out Rome in
509 B.C.
•
Republic- a form of
government in which power
is in the hands of
representatives
•
Officials are chosen
“by the people”- citizens
who have the right to vote
•
•
.
PATRICIANS
PLEBIANS
•
Classes in Rome: Patricians, Plebeians, allies and slaves
WOMEN
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Women could not partake
in government decisions,
office or voting
Women did have some
rights….
Slaves made up 1/3 of
population
Slave mostly war captives
who were solely owned
by citizens and had no
rights
SLAVES
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A Patriarchal Society:
“Patria Potestas”
(Power of a Father)
Father assumed the
power of life and
death over his family
Roman fathers
conferred with a
“council” of friends
Women living in the
shadow of men
Aim: How was Roman society a democracy?
Do Now: Write a response that answers the following question,
“What does the statement tell you about the role of government in society?
Explain your answer.”
“I pledge allegiance to the flag, of the United States…to the republic, for
which it stands…”

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 In times of crisis, a Dictator assumed absolute power
for six months
Roman Republic ruled by
2 Consuls
 Enforced laws passed by the
Senate
 Controlled the army
 Served 1 year terms
Senate ruled the Roman Republic
 Only patricians could serve in the
Senate
 Plebeians upset that they can’t
serve in government but they
fight in the army
The Tribal Assembly
 The legislative body that
represents the Plebeians
 Plebeian representatives called
Tribunes
 They protect the rights of
Plebeians
Citizen Assemblies
 Only adult free males
 Women not citizens, under the
guardianship of their fathers or
husbands
Discussion Questions:
How was power distributed under the
Roman Republic? Why was it difficult for
one Consul to become supreme leader?
How does the Roman Republic compare to
Athenian democracy? Why might a direct
democracy like Athens not succeed in a
growing Republic like Rome?
Are the 12 Tables and Hammurabi's Code
similar? If so, how?
Is Roman Republic government similar to
any contemporary government?


Use your knowledge of the United States
Government and your notes on the Roman
Republic to construct a graphic organizer
which shows the similarities between the
Roman Republic and the United States.
You may work with a partner to complete this
assignment
Aim: What were the effects of Roman expansion?
Do Now: Copy the question AND answer it in your notebook:
Both the Ancient Greeks and the Ancient Romans viewed foreigners as barbarians.
This is an example of:
1. Cultural diffusion 2. Materialism 3. Imperialism 4. Ethnocentrism
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All citizens required to serve
in the army – Citizen Soldier
Military units = Legions
(5,000)
Legions divided into smaller
groups of 80 = Century
Organization/fighting skills
were key to Rome’s rise to
greatness
Daily training: swimming,
running, jumping, fencing
and javelin throwing
The main cause of the Punic Wars –clash between the existing Carthaginian Empire
and the expanding Roman Republic.
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First Punic War
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Second Punic War
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Rome wins and forces Carthage to pay
reparations
Hannibal invades Italy through the
Alps
Beats Roman army at every turn but
can never capture
Rome invades Carthage & defeats
Hannibal in the battle of
Carthage forced to pay tribute to
Rome again.
Third Punic War
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
Rome had conquered Carthage's
empire and razed the city, becoming
the most powerful state of the Western
Mediterranean.
Inhabitants sold into slavery and salt is
mixed into the soil

Who was Hannibal?

Hannibal was a brilliant military
strategist who wanted to avenge
Cathage’s earlier defeat.
Hannibal surprised the Romans in
218 BC by directly invading Italy
after crossing the alps with, most
famously, two dozen African war
elephants
Although Hannibal surprised the
Romans and thoroughly beat them
on the battlefields of Italy, he could
not invade the crucial city of Rome
itself, thus making him unable to
draw the war to a decisive close.
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Rome’s victories in
the Punic Wars gave it
dominance in the
Mediterranean world
Rome conquers the
eastern half
Rome’s empire
expands from Spain
and Britain to Asia
Minor
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Widened gap between rich and poor
 Wealthy bought huge estates called
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An influx of Slaves
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Prices of Grain fell because of inflation
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Large use of slave labor put many people out of work
Small farmers fall into debt and sell land to rich owners.
Poor farmers immigrated to the city looking
for jobs.
Greed and Corruption
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The Gracchi brothers were plebeians in the tribunes that
attempted to pass land reform legislation.
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Redistribute the major patrician landholdings among the
plebeians, in addition to other reform measures.
Brought grains to the poor
Results in the assassination of several of their supporters
After achieving some early success, both were
assassinated for their efforts.
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Growing turmoil within the republic was a
breakdown of the once loyal military.
Corruption:
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As the republic grew more unstable, generals began
to seize power for themselves
The poor was recruited and in exchange for their
opportunity, their loyalty was to their commander,
replacing citizen soldiers whose loyalty was
ALWAYS to the republic.
WHAT COULD BE THE PROBLEM WITH THIS?
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New Hellenized,
urban culture
Roman literature
imitates Greek models
--Terence
Adopted fad of Greek
bathing
Shift in eating habits
More opportunities
for Roman aristocrats
to enrich themselves
politically and
materially
Demise of foreign
enemies = loss of
patriotism and Roman
value of frugality
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Caesar’s key problem
was ruling Rome
alone without
violating the oldest
tradition of the
republic: hatred of
monarchy
Caesar’s domestic
accomplishments and
honors
The assassination of
Julius Caesar (44 BCE)
-- “The Ides of March”
Roman literature and
portraiture reflects
these stormy years of
political chaos
Who were the Roman Emperors?
How were elements of Roman life shaped by the decisions that these
rulers formed?
How do these decisions, as they were set forth, tell us why Rome was
called an “empire”?
Which of these emperors would you consider the most important?
How would you rate the influence each of these emperors exacted on the
Roman Empire? Advantages brought to Rome? Disadvantages brought
to Rome?
Did the move toward empire benefit the Roman civilization? Why or why
not?
Did the Roman Emperors benefit the Roman Empire? Why or why not?
AIM: How did the Roman Republic evolve into
an Empire that needed to be saved?
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Why do the actions and attitudes of principals tell us
something about what is going on in our schools?
Does this explain why people are concerned with how
and why their leaders make decisions? Why or why not?
1. First TRIMVIRANT
a. Crassus, Pompey, Julius Caesar
b. Civil War ensues and Caesar is able to defeat Pompey
2. Julius Caesar is in control
a. He is in control a very short time until he is ASSASSINATED by the
Senate (44 B.C. in the Ides of March)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6nuwEH-v0Bc
3. Second Triumvirate
a. Lepidus, Marc Anthony, Octavius
b. Civil war ensues and OCTAVIUS is triumphant
c. Octavius is named Caesar Augustus, the “anointed one”
d. He declared himself Principate or “first citizen”- NOT King or Emperor
c.
Octavius is named
Caesar Augustus, the
“anointed one”
d.
He declared himself
Principate or “first
citizen”- NOT King or
Emperor
 Under his rule, Rome
expanded and enjoyed a
period of peace.
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Octavian was sole ruler of Rome after his forces
defeated Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium
The Senate gave him the name “Augustus,” meaning
“most high”
23 BCE – Octavian, now referred to as Augustus, was
made consul for life by the Senate

Also made “Princeps,” meaning “first citizen”
 Origin of the word “prince”

Also made “Imperator,” meaning “successful general”
 Origin of the word “emperor”

Also made “Pontifex Maximus,” or “chief religious leader
 Origin of the word “pontiff” (used to describe the pope today)


Also made a tribune
He had the power to call the Senate, veto the Senate’s laws, and
make laws himself
Attempted to reform
public morals by
promoting family life
(largely unsuccessful).
Began the practice of
declaring emperors gods,
and of picking their own
successors. (He called
Haley’s Comet the spirit
of Caesar.)
Built and maintained the
empire’s infrastructure
(e.g., roads).
Encouraged the growth
of business.
Established fire and
police departments for
Rome.
Established a strong
money system.
Said he “found Rome a
city of bricks and left it a
city of marble.”
Jesus, the founder of
Christianity, was born in
the Roman province of
Judea during the reign of
Augustus.
Extended citizenship to
more and more
provincials.
1. Period of almost 200 years full of peace and prosperity
started by Augustus.


a.
Rome controlled the entire Mediterranean region and beyond
Complete control = almost no warfare
It ended with Marcus Aurelius.
2. Characteristics of the Pax Romana were peace, order,
and prosperity.
Legions maintained the roads and protected the seas which
increased trade
Ideas flowed freely through the Empire
Entertainment and festivals.
a.
b.
c.
a.
b.
Circus Maximus- Chariot Races
Coliseum
1.
Diocletian
divides the
empire in 284
AD into four
smaller (and
more
manageable)
parts, however
he still had
absolute
control over
the whole
empire
b.
c.
d.
Brought prestige
back to the position
of Emperor
Fixed food prices to
slow down inflation
Sons must follow the
traditions of their
fathers

Emperor Diocletian had believed that dividing the
empire for administrative purposes would
strengthen the empire
He was wrong
 Once Constantine set up Constantinople as a capital city,
the east/west split deepened

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Western (Roman) Empire

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Ended officially in 476 CE when the last emperor,
Romulus Augustus, was deposed by a barbarian,
Odoacer
Eastern (Byzantine) Empire

Lasted until 1453 when the empire was conquered by the
Ottoman Turks
Best known for being the first
Christian Roman emperor.
a. Constantine reversed the
persecutions and
encouraged religious
tolerance of Christians
throughout the empire.
b. He even Converted to
Christianity!
c. He also is known for moving
his capital in Constantinople to
the city known at the time as
Byzantium.

The city is known today as
Istanbul, Turkey.

Do Now: Copy the following diagram into your notebook
Economic Reasons
• Gap between rich and poor
• As fewer members of the lower
classes could afford to buy goods
(no purchasing power),
manufacturing and trade
declined
• Large estates became selfsufficient, further hurting
manufacturing and trade
Military Reasons
• Roman Republic
• Armies were servants of Rome
• Roman Empire
• Armies made and unmade
emperors
• Reliance on barbarian troops
• Not ultimately loyal to Rome
• Could not be counted on to
fight their fellow barbarians
• Interested in obtaining booty,
not defending Rome or
furthering Rome’s interests
Political Reasons
• Decline in patriotism
• Democracy did not exist in reality
• Citizens lost their tie (voting rights)
to the state
• Patriotism became based on loyalty
to an emperor, not to Rome
• Most emperors did not inspire
respect or loyalty
• East/West split
• Two empires created problems
regarding loyalty
• No orderly succession
• Murders, forced suicides, and civil
wars frequently accompanied the
transition from one emperor to the
next
Social Reasons
• Population decline
• Hunger
• Plagues
• War
• Decline in intellectual culture
• People did not dedicate themselves
to public service and intellectual
pursuits
• People instead spent their leisure
time watching chariot races and
gladiatorial contests
• Religious divisions
• Eastern and Egyptian cults took
away the popularity and status of
traditional Roman religion
• New faiths like Christianity directly
questioned and challenged concepts
such as imperial divinity
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Law
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Public Works
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Started out as the 12 tables and evolved
Roads, Aqueducts, bridges
Language
Law, medicine, and science
 Scientists have traditionally used Latin as a “universal language”
 Our scientific names, and most legal and medical terminology, is Latin
 Religion
 The Catholic Church preserved the Latin language

 Catholic masses were said in Latin until the 1960s
 Romance languages developed from Latin
 French
 Italian
 Portuguese
 Romanian
 Spanish
 Historians and Historical Writings
 Julius Caesar (100-44 BCE)
 Commentaries on the Gallic Wars
 Cicero (106-43 BCE)
 Letters and orations
 Called the “Father of Latin prose”
 Tacitus (ca. 56-ca. 117 CE)
 Germania, about the Germanic tribes of Europe
 Annals and Histories, about the emperors of his
time
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The spread of GrecoRoman culture
The Concept of
Roman Law
--Roman Civil Law
--ius gentium: “the law
of the peoples”
Roman law
harmonized with the
needs of a world
empire and was
discerned by reason
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509 BC - Founding of Rome
146 BC – Rome conquers Greece
44 BC – Julius Caesar is assassinated (end of
Republic)
27 BC – Caesar Augustus becomes first Roman
Emperor
65 AD – Great fire in Rome (Nero is Emperor)
285 AD – Diocletian divides the Empire
313 AD - Constantine declares freedom of religion
476 AD – the last Roman Emperor (Western part) is
driven from the throne
Aim: What were the effects of Roman expansion?
Do Now: Analyze the cartoon,
“What conclusions can you draw from the cartoon?”
1.____________________________________________
2.____________________________________________
3.____________________________________________